ARS GRAMMATICATHE ART OF GRAMMAR

I

[Ex Donati 'Arte grammatica minore']

De partibus orationis 
[Magister:] Partes orationis quot sunt?
[Discipulus:] Octo.
[M.:] Quae?
[D.:] Nomen, pronomen, verbum, adverbium, participium, coniunctio, praepositio, interiectio.

De nomine 
[M.] Nomen quis est?
[D.:] Pars orationis cum casu, corpus aut rem proprie communiterve significans...; aut enim unius nomen est et 'proprium' dicitur, aut multorum et 'appellativum'. ...
[M.:] Genera nominum quot sunt?
[D.:] Quattuor.
[M.:] Quae?
[D.:] Masculinum, ut  hic magister , femininum, ut  haec Musa , neutrum, ut  hoc scamnum , commune, ut  hic  et  haec sacerdos.
[M.:] Numeri nominum quot sunt?
[D.:] Duo.
[M.:] Qui?
[D.:] Singularis, ut  hic magister, pluralis, ut  hi magistri . ...
[M.:] Casus nominum quot sunt?
[D.:] Sex.
[M.:] Qui?
[D.:] Nominativus, genetivus, dativus, accusativus, vocativus, ablativus. Per hos omnium generum nomina, pronomina, participia declinantur...
[M.:] Comparationis gradus quot sunt?
[D.:] Tres.
[M.:] Qui?
[D.:] Positivus, ut  doctus, comparativus, ut  doctior, superlativus, ut doctissimus.
[M.:] Quae nomina comparantur?
[D.:] Appellativa dumtaxat qualitatem aut quantitatem significantia...  

De pronomine 
[M.:] Pronomen quid est?
[D.:] Pars orationis quae pro nomine posita tantundem paene significat personamque interdum recipit...
[M.:] Genera pronominum quae sunt?
[D.:] Eadem fere quae et nominum: masculinum, ut quis, femininum, ut quae, neutrum, ut quod, commune, ut qualis, talis, trium generum, ut ego, tu.
[M.:] Numeri pronominum quot sunt?
[D.:] Duo.
[M.:] Qui?
[D.:] Singularis, ut  hic, pluralis, ut  hi.
[M.:] Personae pronominum quot sunt?
[D.:] Tres.
[M.:] Quae?
[D.:] Prima, ut  ego, secunda, ut  tu, tertia, ut  ille.
[M.:] Casus item pronominum quot sunt?
[D.:] Sex, quem ad modum et nominum, per quos omnium generum pronomina inflectuntur...  

[From Donatus's 'Minor Art of Grammar']

Parts of speech
[Teacher:] How many parts of speech are there?
[Student:] Eight.
[T:] What?
[S:] Noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, participle, conjunction, preposition, interjection.

The noun
[T:] What is a noun?
[S:] The part of speech with a case, a body, or a thing properly signifying in common...; or for one noun and is called 'proper', or of many and is 'appellative'...
[T:] How many types of nouns are there?
[S:] Four
[T:] What?
[S:] Masculine, as the teacher, feminine, as these Muses, neuter, as this stool, common, as this and these priests.
[T:] How many numbers of nouns are there?
[S:] Two
[T:] What?
[S:] Singular, as this teacher, plural, as these teachers...
[T:] How many cases of nouns are there?
[S:] Six
[T:] What?
[S:] Nominative, genetive, dative, accusative, vocative, ablative. Through thee all nouns, pronouns, participles of all kinds are declined...
[T:] How many degrees of comparisons are there?
[S:] Three
[T:] What?
[S:] Positive, as learned, comparitive, as more learned, superlative, as most learned.
[T:] What nouns are compared?
[S:] Appellative signifying only quality or quantity...

The pronoun
[T:] What is a pronoun?
[S:] The part of speech that is placed before the noun meaning almost as much as a person sometimes receives...
[T:] How many kinds of pronouns are there?
[S:] About the same as a noun: masculine, as who, feminine, as which, neuter, as what, common, such as three kinds, as I, you.
[T:] How many pronouns are there?
[S:] Two.
[T:] What?
[S:] Singular, as this, plural, as these.
[T:] How many personal pronouns are there?
[S:] Three
[T:] What?
[S:] First, as I, second, as you third, as he.
[T:] How many cases of the same pronoun are there?
[S:] Six, as to the mood and nouns, through which all kinds of pronouns are inflected...

II

De verbo 
[M.:] Verbum quid est?
[D.:] Pars orationis cum tempore et persona, sine casu, aut agere aliquid aut pati aut neutrum significans...
[M.:] Modi verborum qui sunt?
[D.:] Indicativus, ut  lego, imperativus, ut  lege, optativus, ut utinam legerem, coniunctivus, ut  cum legam, infinitivus, ut legere.
[M.:] Genera verborum quot sunt?
[D.:] Quattuor.
[M.:] Quae?
[D.:] Activa, passiva, neutra, deponentia.
[M.:] Activa quae sunt?
[D.:] Quae in -o desinunt et accepta -r littera faciunt ex se passiva, ut lego: legor.
[M.:] Passiva quae sunt?
[D.:] Quae in -r desinunt et ea dempta redeunt in activa, ut legor: lego.
[M.:] Neutra quae sunt?
[D.:] Quae in -o desinunt ut activa, sed accepta -r littera Latina non sunt, ut  sto, curro (“stor, curror” non dicimus!).
[M.:] Deponentia quae sunt?
[D.:] Quae in -r desinunt ut passiva, sed ea dempta Latina non sunt, ut luctor,  loquor.
[M.:]Numeri verborum quot sunt?
[D.:] Duo.
[M.:] Qui?
[D.:] Singularis, ut  lego, pluralis, ut legimus.
[M.:] Tempora verborum quot sunt?
[D.:] Tria.
[M.:] Quae?
[D.:] Praesens, ut lego, praeteritum, ut legi, futurum, ut legam.
[M.:] Quot sunt tempora in declinatione verborum?
[D.:] Quinque.
[M.:] Quae?
[D.:] Praesens, ut lego, praeteritum imperfectum, ut legebam, praeteritum perfectum, ut legi, praeteritum plusquamperfectum, ut legeram futurum, ut legam.
[M.:] Personae verborum quot sunt?
[D.:] Tres.
[M.:] Quae?
[D.:] Prima, ut lego, secunda, ut legis, tertia, ut legit.
[M.:] Da declinationem verbi activi!...  

De adverbio 
[M.:] Adverbium quid est?
[D.:] Pars orationis quae adiecta verbo significationem eius explanat atque implet...
[M.:] Significatio adverbiorum in quo est?
[D.:] Sunt aut loci adverbia aut temporis aut numeri aut negandi aut affirmandi aut demonstrandi aut optandi aut hortandi aut ordinis aut interrogandi aut qualitatis aut quantitatis aut dubitandi...
[M.:] Da adverbia loci!
[D.:] Ut  hic vel  ibi, intus vel foris, illuc vel inde.
[M.:] Da temporis!
[D.:] Ut  hodie, nunc, nuper, cras, aliquando; numeri, ut semel, bis, ter; negandi, ut non; affirmandi, ut etiam, quidni; demonstrandi, ut en, ecce; optandi, ut utinam; hortandi, ut eia; ordinis, ut deinde; interrogandi, ut cur,  quare, quamobrem; qualitatis, ut docte, pulchre, fortiter; quantitatis, ut  multum, parum; dubitandi, ut forsitan, fortasse...
[M.:] Comparatio adverbiorum in quo est?
[D.:] In tribus gradibus comparationis: positivo, comparativo, superlativo. [M.:] Da adverbium positivi gradus!
[D.:] Ut  docte; comparativi, ut doctius; superlativi, ut doctissime...  

De participio 
[M.:] Participium quid est?
[D.:] Pars orationis partem capiens nominis, partem verbi: nominis genera et casus, verbi tempora et significationes, utriusque numerum...
[M.:] Genera participiorum quot sunt?
[D.:] Quattuor.
[M.:] Quae?
[D.:] Masculinum, ut hic lectus, femininum, ut haec lecta, neutrum, ut hoc lectum, commune tribus generibus, ut  hic et haec et hoc legens.
[M.:] Casus participiorum quot sunt?
[D.:] Sex
[M.:] Qui?
[D.:] Nominativus, ut hic legens, genetivus, ut huius legentis, dativus, ut huic legenti, accusativus, ut hunc legentem, vocativus, ut o legens, ablativus, ut ab hoc legente.
[M.:] Tempora participiorum quot sunt?
[D.:] Tria.
[M.:] Quae?
[D.:] Praesens, ut legens, praeteritum, ut lectus, futurum, ut lecturus et legendus...
[M.:] Numeri participiorum quot sunt?
[D.:] Duo.
[M.:] Qui?
[D.:] Singularis, ut hic legens, pluralis, ut hi legentes...
[M.:] Da declinationem participii!...  

De coniunctione 
[M.:] Coniunctio quid est?
[D.:] Pars orationis adnectens ordinasque sententiam...
[M.:] Potestas coniunctionum quot species habet?
[D.:] Quinque.
[M.:] Quas?
[D.:] Copulativas, disiunctivas, expletivas, causales, rationales.
[M.:] Da copulativas!
[D.:]  Et, -que, atque, ac.
[M.:] Da disiunctivas!
[D.:] Aut, -ve, vel, nec, neque.
[M.:] Da expletivas!
[D.:] Quidem, equidem, quoque, autem, tamen.
[M.:] Da causales!
[D.:] Si, etsi, siquidem, quando, nam, namque, etenim, quamobrem...
[M.:] Da rationales!
[D.:] Itaque, enim, quia, quapropter, quoniam, ergo, ideo, igitur, scilicet, propterea. ...  

De praepositione 
[M.:] Praepositio quid est?
[D.:] Pars orationis quae praeposita aliis partibus orationis significationem earum aut complet aut mutat aut minuit. ...
[M.:] Da praepositiones casus accusativi!
[D.:]  Ad, apud, ante, adversum, cis, citra, circum, circa, contra, erga, extra, inter, intra, infra, iuxta, ob, per, prope, secundum, post, trans, ultra, praeter, propter, supra ...
[M.:] Quo modo?
[D.:] Dicimus enim ad patrem, apud villam, ante domum, adversum inimicos, cis Rhenum, citra forum, circum oppidum, circa templum, contra hostem, erga parentes, extra vallum, inter naves, intra moenia, infra tectum, iuxta viam, ob iram, per portam, prope fenestram, secundum ripam, post tergum, trans flumen, ultra fines, praeter officium, propter rem, supra caelum. ...

The Verb
[T:] What is a verb?
[S:] The part of speech with a time and person, without a case, meaning either to do something or suffer to or neither...
[T:] What types of verbs are there?
[S:] Indicative, as 'I read', imperative, as 'read', optative, as 'that I may read', conjunctive, as with 'I am read', infinitive, as 'to read'.
[T:] How many kinds of verbs are there?
[S:] Four
[T:] What?
[S:] Active, passive, neutral, deponent.
[T:] What are the actives?
[S:] Those that end in -o and take the letter -r to make itself passive, as 'read': 'read'.
[T:] What are the passives?
[S:] Those that end in -r and that removed returns to active, as 'read': ' read'.
[T:] What are the neutrals?
[S:] Those that end in -o as the actives, but are not Latin letters that take -r, as 'stand', 'run' (We do not say "the r").
[T:] What are the deponents?
[S:] Those that end in -r as the passive, but are not derived from Latin, as 'struggle', 'speak'.
[T:] How many numbers of verbs are here?
[S:] Two.
[T:] Which?
[S:] Singular, as 'I read', plural, as 'we read'.
[T:] How many tenses of verbs are there?
[S:] Three.
[T:] What?
[S:] Present, as 'read'. past, as 'I read', future, as 'I will read'.
[T:] How many tenses are there in the declensions of verbs?
[S:] Five.
[T:] Which?
[S:] Present, as 'I read', imperfect past, as 'I was reading', perfect past, as 'I read', pluperfect past, as 'I had read', future, as 'I will read'.

[T:] How many persons of verbs are there?
[S:] Three.
[T:] Which?
[S:] First, as 'I read', second, as 'you read', third, as 'he reads'.
[T:] Give the declension of active verb!...

The adverb
[T:] What is an adverb?
[S:] The part of speech which added to the verb explains and fulfills its meaning...
[T:] What is the meaning of adverbs?
[S:] They are either adverbs of place, or time, or number, or negation, or affirmation, or demonstration, or wishing, or encouraging, or order, or questioning, or quality, or quantity, or of doubt...
[T:] Give the adverb of location!
[S:] As here or there, inside or outside, thither and thence.
[T:] Give the times!
[S:] As today, now, recently, tomorrow, once; numbers, as at the same time, twice, three times; negation, as not; affirmation, as also, but if; demonstration, as on, behold; wishing, as would that; encouraging, as come on; order as then; interrogative as why, why, why; quality, as learned, beautifully, bravely; quantity, as many, lacking; doubt, as maybe, perhaps...
[T:] In what way are adverbs compared?
[S:] In three degrees of comparison: positive, comparitive, superlative.
[T:] Give the positive degree of the adverb!
[S:] As learned; compartive, as more learned; superlative, as the most learned

The participle
[T:] What is the participle?
[S:] The part of speech taking part of the noun, part of the verb: gender and case of the noun, time and meaning of the verb, the number of both...
[T:] How many kinds of participles are there?
[S:] Four.
[T:] Which?
[S:] Masculine, as this bed, feminine, as this bed, neuter as this bed, common to three genders, as this and this and this reading.
[T:] How many cases of participles are there?
[S:] Six.
[T:] Which?
[S:] Nominative, as this reading, genetive, of this reading, dative, to this reading, accusative, as this reading, vocative, as o reading, ablative, as from this reading.
[T:] How many times of the participles are there?
[S:] Three.
[T:] Which?
[S:] Present, as reading, past, as read, future, as will read and will read

[T:] How many numbers of participles are there?
[S:] Two.
[T:] Which?
[S:] Singular, as this reading, plural, as these readings...
[T:] Give the declension of the participles!...

The conjunction
[T:] What is a conjunction?
[S:] The part speech joining the order and the sentence...
[T:] How many types of power conjunctions are there?
[S:] Five.
[T:] Which?
[S:] Copulative, disjunctive, expletive, causal, rational
[T:] Give the copulatives!
[S:] And,-and, and, and.
[T:] Give the sidjunctive!
[S:] Or, -or, or, nor, nor
[T:] Give the expletives!
[S:] Somehow, indeed, also, but, nevertheless
[T:] Give the causals!
[S:] If, even if, indeed, when, for, indeed, indeed, why...
[T:] Give the rationals!
[T:] And so, for, because, therefore, since, therefore, therefore, therefore, of course, therefore. ...

The preposition
[T:] What is a prepostion?
[S:] The part of speech that precedes other parts that complete, change, or diminish their meaning. ...
[T:] Give the preposition in the accusative case!
[S:] To, near, before, against, on this side, around, around, against, towards, outside, between, within, below, next to, for, through, near, according to, behind, across, beyond, besides, because of, above ...
[T:] In what way?
[S:] We say to the father, near the villa, before the house, against the enemy, on this side of the Rhine, around the market, around the town, around the temple, against the enemy, toward the parents, outside the wall, within the ship, within the walls, under the roof, next to the road, from anger, through the gate, near the window, according to the bank, behind his back, across the river, beyond the limit, besides the task, on account of the matter, above the sky. ...

[M.:] Da praepositiones casus ablativi!
[D.:] A, ab, cum, coram, de, e, ex, pro, prae, sine ...
[M.:] Quo modo?
[D.:] Dicimus enim a domo, ab homine, cum exercitu, coram testibus, de foro, e iure, ex provincia, pro patria, prae timore, sine labore ...

[M.:] Da utriusque casus praepositiones!
[D.:] In, sub, super.
[M.:] In et sub quando accusativo casui iunguntur?
[D.:] Quando 'nos in locum ire/iisse/ituor esse' significamus.
[M.:] Quando ablativo?
[D.:] Quando 'nos in loco esse/fuisse/futuros esse' significamus. ...
[M.:] Super quam vim habet?
[D.:] Ubi locum significat, magis accusativo causi servit quam ablativo; ubi mentionem alicuius facimus, ablativo tantum, ut 

multa super Priamo, rogitans, super Hectore multa 
 hoc est de Priamo, de Hectore. ...  

De interiectione 
[M.:] Interiectio quid est?
[D.:] Pars orationis significans mentis affectum voce incondita. ...
[M.:] Significatio interiectionis in quo est?
[D.:] Aut laetitiam significamus, ut euax! aut dolorem, ut heu! aut admirationem, ut papae! aut metum, ut attat! et si qua sunt similia.

[T:] Give the prepositions in the ablative case!
[S:] From, from, with, in the presence of, from, from, for, before, without
[T:] In what way?
[S:] We say from the house, from the man, with the army, in the presence of the witnesses, of the forum, out of the law, out of the provice, for the country, before the time, without labor...
[T:] Give each of the preposition cases!
[S:] In, under, above
[T:] When are in and under joined with the accusative case?
[S:] When we mean 'we go/have gone/will go to a place.'
[T:] When ablative?
[S:] When we mean 'we are/have been/will be in a place.'
[T:] Above has what power?
[S:] Where it means place, it serves the accusative case more than ablative, where we make mention, only with the ablative, as

asking many things of Priam, many of Hector
this is concerning Priam, concerning Hector. ...

The interjection
[T:] What is an interjection?
[S:] The part of speech meaning a feeling of the mind in an unpolished voice
[T:] In what way are interjections meant?
[S:] Either we mean joy, as hurray! or sorrow, as alas! or admiration, as father! or fear, as oh no! and those which are similar.

GRAMMATICA LATINA

De declinatione

Nomina, pronomina, verba declinantur. Ceterae partes orationis sunt indeclinabiles.

Declinationes nominum sunt quinque:

Declinatio prima: gen. sing. -ae, ut terr|a -ae.
Declinatio secunda: gen. sing. -i, ut ann|us -i, verb|um -i.
Declinatio tertia: gen. sing. -is, ut sol -is, urb|s -is.
Declinatio quarta: gen. sing. -us, ut port|us -us, gen |u -us.
Declinatio quinta: gen. sing. -ei|-ei, ut di|es -ei, res rei.

Declinationes verborum sunt quattuor, 'coniugationes' quae vocantur:

Coniugatio prima: inf. -are|-ari, ut ama|re, -ri.
Coniugatio secunda: inf. -ere|-eri, ut mone|re, -ri.
Coniugatio tertia: inf. -ere|-i, ut leg|ere, -i
Coniugatio quarta: inf. -ire|-iri, ut audi|re, -ri

LATIN GRAMMAR

The declensions

Nouns, pronouns, verbs are declined. Other parts of speech are indeclinables.

There are five noun declensions:

First declension: gen. sing. -ae, ut terr|a -ae.
Second declension: gen. sing. -i, ut ann|us -i, verb|um -i.
Third declension: gen. sing. -is, ut sol -is, urb|s -is
Fourth declension: gen. sing. -us, ut port|us -us, gen |u -us.
Fifth declension: gen. sing. -ei|-ei, ut di|es -ei, res rei.

There are four declensions of verbs, which are called 'conjugations':

First conjugation: inf. -are|-ari, ut ama|re, -ri.
Second conjugation: inf. -ere|-eri, ut mone|re, -ri
Third conjugation: inf. -ere|-i, ut leg|ere, -i
Fourth conjugation: inf. -ire|-iri, ut audi|re, -ri

VOCABVLA

oratio, orationis f.
coniunctio, coniunctionis f.
interiectio, interiectionis f.
Musa, Musae f.
scamnum, scamni n.
sacerdos, sacerdotis c.
casus, casus m.
comparatio, comparationis f.
qualitas, qualitatis f.
quantitas, quantitatis f.
significatio, significationis f.
species, speciei f.
ira, irae f.
affectus, affectus m.
admiratio, admirationis f.
coniugatio, coniugationis f.
proprius, a, um
appellativus, a, um
positivus, a, um
optativus, a, um
copulativus, a, um
disiunctivus, a, um
expletivus, a, um
causalis, causale
rationalis, rationale
inconditus, a, um
similis, simile
infl -flectere, -flexi, inflexum
demo, -ere, dempsi, demptum
luctor, luctari, luctatus sum
explano, -are, -avi, explanatum
adnecto, -nectere, -nexui, adnexum
ordino, -are, -avi, ordinatum
mentionem facere
dumtaxat
tantundem
quidni
forsitan
siquidem
quapropter
propterea
adversum
cis
en
eia
euax
papae
attat
coniugatio, coniugationis f.
synonymum, synonymi n.

VOCABULARY

oration, speech
conjunction
interjection
the Muse (goddess)
stool, step
priest, priestess
case, word ending
comparison, settlement
nature, characteristic
quantity, degree, size
meaning, indication
kind, type, appearance
anger, resentment
mood, disposition
admiration, regard
conjugation
very own, individual
appellative, nominal
positive
to have wished for
serving to join or unite
dividing, separating
expletive, used to fill out
pertaining to a cause
rational, measurable
rough, crude
similar, like, resembling
to curve, to bend
to remove, to withdraw
to wrestle, to struggle
to explain
to join, to attach
to arrange, set in order
to make mention
only, to this extent
just as much
why not?
perhaps
accordingly, since that
for what?
therefore
facing, against
on this side of, before
behold!, look at this!
quick!, how now!
exclamation of pain
exclamation of fear
ah!, alas!
conjugation, mixture
synonym