CAPITVLVM TRICESIMVM SEXTVMTHIRTY-SIXTH CHAPTER

ROMA AETERNAETERNAL ROME

Urbs Roma in ripa Tiberis fluminis sita est viginti milia passuum a mari. Hoc loco flumen facile transitur, et colles propinqui bene muniri possunt. Moenia Romana antiqua septem colles sive montes complectuntur, quorum haec sunt nomina: Palatium, Capitolium, Aventinus, Caelius, Esquiliae, Viminalis, Quirinalis. A colle Quirinali et a monte Capitolino usque ad Tiberim flumen campus Martius patet.

The city of Rome sits on the bank of the Tiber twenty miles from the sea. At this place the river is easily crossed, and the nearby hills can be well fortified. The old Roman walls are surrounded by seven hills or mountains, which are named: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, Caelian, Esquiline, Viminal, Quirinal. From the Quirinal hill and from the Capitoline mountain to the Tiber river lies the field of Mars.

Palatium primum munitum est, sed ea moenia quadrata quibus Romulus, primus rex Romanorum, Palatium munivisse dicitur iam pridem perierunt, neque ulla casa restat ex illa urbe antiquissima, quae a forma moenium 'Roma quadrata' appellabatur, praeter 'casam Romuli' stramento tectam. Postea Romani nobilissimi in Palatio habitaverunt, ibique post Iulii Caesaris aetatem Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula aliique principes Romani domos magnificas sibi aedificaverunt. Omnium vero magnificentissima est domus illa a Domitiano principe in colle Palatino aedificata, quae vocatur 'domus Augustana'.

The Palatine was fortified first, but the square walls which Romulus, the first king of the Romans, is said to have fortified the Palatine have long perished, and not a single house from that ancient city remains, which was called 'Rome Square' from the shape of the walls, except the 'house of Romulus', covered with thatch. Afterward the most noble Romans lived in Palatine, Caligula and other Roman leaders built magnificent homes from themselves. But the most magnificent of all is that house built by Prince Domitian on the Palatine Hill, which is called the 'Augustan House'.

Ea Capitoli pars quae spectat ad septentrions, ardua atque muris firmis munita, Arx dicitur. Nec vero 'arx' nomen huius montis proprium est, nam alii quoque montes ardui natura et opere muniti 'arces' dicuntur, ut summum Ianiculum, quod trans Tiberim situm est. Locus in Capitolio maxime arduus appellatur saxum Tapeium, de quo olim homines scelesti supplicii causa praecipitabantur.

The part of the Capitoline which is seen to the north, fortified with steep and strong walls, is called a citadel. Nor is the name 'citadel' proper for this mountain, for other steep mountains fortified by steep nature and works are called 'citadels', as the highest Ianiculum which sits across the Tiber. The steepest place on the Capitoline is called the Tapeus rock, from which criminal men were thrown over for execution.

In monte Capitolino, qui prae ceteris sacer habetur, multa sunt aedificia sacra, quorum clarissimum est templum Iovis Optimi Maximi. Hoc templum primum aedificavit L. Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rex Romanorum. Ille vero, cum nondum sacravisset novum templum, Roma expulsus est a L. Iunio Bruto, atque pro rege duo consules populo Romanus hoc templum augustum Iovi Oprimo Maximo, summo deo populi Romani, et Iunoni et Minervae, duabus maximis deabus, consecravit. Deinde idem templum iterum et tertium sacratum est, cum post incendia refectum esset. Postremo Domitianus templum Iovis Capitolini incendio consumptum refecit atque tantis divitiis exornavit ut nihil magnificentius fieri posset: auro et gemmis splendet tectum, quod plurimis columnis e marmore pulcherrimo factis sustinetur; intus in cella, post fores auro opertas, ingens simulacrum Iovis in alta sede sedentis positum est. Ad hoc templum imperator victor post triumphum adscendit, ut Iovi Optimo Maximo sacrificium faciat, dum duces hostium, qui in triumpho ante currum imperatoris ducti sunt, ad supplicium traduntur.

In summa Arce templum Iunonis Monetae situm est, in quo nummi e metallis pretiosis, auro, argento, aere, efficiuntur atque imaginibus imprimuntur. In infimo Capitolio est Tabularium, id est amplum aedificium in quo tabulae et litterae publica servantur.

Forum Romanum

Roman Forum

Infra Capitolinum Palatinumque collem est forum Romanum. In ea valle olim magna palus erat, quae tum demum siccata est cum aqua paludis in flumen deduceretur per cloacam subterraneam quae appellatur 'cloaca Maxima'. Postremus siccatur est locus in medio foro qui 'lacus Curtius' dicitur a nomine equitis cuiusdam qui se armatum cum equo suo in voraginem ibi factam praecipitavisse narratur.

Below the Capitoline and Palatine hill is the Roman Forum.In the valley there was once a large swamp that then finally dried up when the water from the swamp was led into the river through the underground sewer which is called 'The Great Sewer.' The last place dried is the place in the middle of the forum which is called 'Lake Curtius' who it is said threw himself armed with his horse into a whirlpool made there.

Magnus numerus hominum cotidie convenit in forum Romanum, locum urbis celeberrimum, qui multis aedificiis publicis et sacris cingitur. Aedificia publica amplissima sunt duae basilicae, Aemilia et Iulia. Basilica est aedificium publicum in quo et alia multa negotia aguntur et ius inter cives dicitur. Antequam illae basilicae exstructae sunt, tabernae in foro erant: tabernae veteres eo loco ubi basilica Iulia sita est, tabernae novae in loco basilicae Aemiliae. Nunc autem merces in vicis et in aliis foris veneunt.

A large number of men assembled in the Roman Forum everyday, the very famous place in the city, which was circled by many public and holy buildings. The largest public buildings are the two basilicas, Aemilia and Julia. A basilica is a public building in which many other other tasks are performed and the law is discussed among citizens. Before those basilicas were built, there were tabernacles in the forum: the old tabernacles sat in the place where the Julia Basilica is, the new tabernaclkes in the place of Emilia's basilica. And now merchants sell in the streets in another forum.

Iuxta basilicam Aemiliam, in ea fori parte quae dicitur Comitium, locata est Curia, id est aedificium quo senatus Romanus convenire solet. Senatus constat ex sescentis senatoribus, civibus nobilissimis, qui ante Caesaris aetatem summam potestatem in re publica Romana tenebant. Tunc vero in antiquam curiam Hostiliam, quae paulum ad septentriones extra Comitium sita erat, senatores convocabantur. Via celebris quae inter Curiam et basilicam Aemiliam in forum exit Argiletum nominatur.

Next to the Aemilia Basilica, in the part of the forum which is called Comitium, the Curia was located, that is the building in which the Roman Senate is accustomed to assemble. The Senate consisted of sixty senators, very noble citizens, who before the age of Caesar held the highest power in the Roman State. But then the senators were called to the ancient Curia of Hostilius which sat a little to the north outside Comitium. The famous road that went between the Curia and Aemelia Basilica to the forum was named Argiletum.

Ante Comitium est locus superior ex quo oratores verba faciunt ad populum. 'Rostra' nomen est huius loci, quia rostris navium captarum ornatur ('rostrum' enim vocantur eae hastae ferreae quae e prora navis longae eminent velut rostrum avis). Multi oratores illustres in Rostra ascenderunt, ut orationes ad populum haberent, neque vero haec Rostra sunt unde M. Tullius Cicero, orator omnium qui Romae fuerunt illustrissimus, orationes habuit, nam Rostra antiqua, quae in ipso Comitio posita erant, simul cum curia antiqua a Iulio Caesare destructa sunt cum nova curia aedificaretur.

Behind the Comitium is a higher place from which orators gave speeches to the people. This name of this place is 'Beak,' because it decorated with the prows of captured ships (For those iron spears which protrude from the prow of a long ship like the beak of a bird are called 'beaks'). Many famous orators went up to the Beak to give speeches to the people, but these are not the Beaks from where M. Tullius Cicero, who was the most famous orators of all Rome, gave speeches, for the ancient Beaks, which were placed in the Comitium itself, were destroyed by Julius Caesar at the same time as the ancient court when a new court was built.

Ex aedibus sacris fori Romani minima quidem, sed veterrima est aedes Iani, quae ad infimum Argiletum sita est. Illa aedes duas ianuas vel portas habet, quae tum demum clauduntur cum per totum imperium populi Romani terra marique pax facta est - id quod per septingentos annos inter Romulum et Augustum bis tantum evenit. Augustus vero, cum ad Actium, promunturium Epiri, classem M. Antonii vicisset, ianum tertium claudi iussit.

Of the holy temples of the Roman Forum indeed the smallest but oldest was the temple of Janus, which was situated at the bottom of Argiletum. That temple had two doors or gates which are then closed when, during the whole empire of the Roman people, there was peace on land and sea - which through the seven hundred years between Romulus and Augustus occurred only twice. But Augustus, Augustus, however, when he had defeated the fleet of M. Antonius at Actium, the promontory of Epirus, ordered the door be closed.

In contraria fori parte est aedes Vestae antiquissima, quae formam habet rotundam, non quadratam. Vesta est dea foci rerumque domesticarum, in cuius aede ignis aeternus ardet neque ullum deae simulacrum inest. Sex virgines Vestales ex filiabus Romanorum illustrium electae diligenter curant ne ignis Vestae umquam exstinguatur, namque ignis ille semper ardens Romam urbem aeternam esse significat. Iuxta aedem Vestae est atrium Vestae, id est domus Vestalium, et Regia, domus pontificis maximi, in qua olim reges Romani habitavisse dicuntur. (Pontifex maximus est summus sacerdos, qui ceteris omnibus sacerdotibus Romanis praefectus est; sacerdotum negotium est sacrificia facere atque res divinas curare.)

On the opposite side of the forum is the very old temple of Vesta, which has a round shape, not square. Vesta is the goddess of the hearth and of domestic matters, in whose temple the eternal fire burns and contains no other statue of a goddess. Six Vestal virgins are carefully chosen from the daughters of the famous Romans take care that the fire of Vesta is never extinguished, for that fire always burning signifies Rome to be the eternal city. Next to the temple of Vesta is the atrium of Vesta, that is the court of the Vestals, and the Regia, house of the high priest, in qhich once the kinds of the Romans are said to have lived. (The high priest is head of the priests, who commands over all the other priests; the duty of the priest is to make sacrifices and take care of divine matters.)

Ante Regiam est templum C. Iulio Caesari consecratum, quod templum Divi Iulii appellatur. Caesar enim, ut plerique principes Romani, post mortem in deorum numero habetur et 'divus' vocatur. Templum Divi Iulii ab Augusto aedificatum est eo ipso loco ubi corpus Caesaris a civibus lugentibus crematum erat postquam M. Antonius consul oratione clarissima amicum suum mortuum laudavit.

Behind the palace the temple to C. Julius Caesar is consecrated, that temple is called the temple of Divine Julius. For Caesar, as with many Roman princes, was numbered among the gods after death and called 'divine.' The temple of Dvine Julius was built by Augustus in the place where the body of Caesar was cremated by mourning citizens after the consul M. Antony praised his death with a very famous speech.

Ab utraque parte basilicae Iuliae magna aedes sita est, a dextra sub clivo Capitolino aedes Saturni, a sinistra aedes Castoris et Pollucis.

On either side of Julia's basilica sat large temples, on the right under the slope of the Capitoline the house of Saturn, on the left the temple of Castor and Pollux.

Aedes Saturni est aerarium populi Romani, id est locus ubi pecunia publica deponitur ac servatur. Hoc templum antiquissimum senatus populusque Romanus incendio consumptum restituit, ut in fronte inscriptum est.

The house of Saturn is the treasury for the Roman people, that is the place where public money is deposited and guarded. This very ancient temple, consumed by fire, was restored by the Senate and Roman people, as written on the front.

Aedes Castoris consecrata est diis Castori et Polluci, Iovis filiis geminis, qui saepius Romanis in proeliis auxilio venerunt. Inter hanc aedem et templum Divi Iulii senatus populusque Romanus post proelium ad Actium factum Augusto victori arcum marmoreum aedificavit. Templum Divi Augusti situm est post basilicam Iuliam.

The house of Castor was consecrated to the gods Castor and Pollux, Jove's twin sons, who often come to aid the Romans in battle. Between this house and the temple of the Divine Julius the Roman Senate and People built a marble arch after the battle at Actium occured. The temple of the Divine Augustus was situated behind the Julia basilica.

Infra Capitolium iuxta Tabularium sunt aedes Concordiae et Divi Vespasiani.

Below the Capitoline next to the Tabularia are the temples of Concordia and the Divine Vespasian.

Aedes Concordiae antiqua eo tempore aedificata esse dicitur cum post longam discordiam quae populum Romanum diviserat in duas factiones inter se inimicissimas, patricios et plebeios, tandem concordia omnium civium restituta est. Deinde, temporibus Augusti, senatus populusque Romanus aedem Concordiae vetustate collapsam in meliorem faciem restituit. Prope aedem Concordiae est Carcer, cuius pars subterranea, tenebris et odore foeda atque terribilis, Tullianum appellatur; multi hostes Romanorum in Tulliano supplicio affecti sunt.

The ancient Temple of Concord is said to have been built at a time when after a long discord that divided the Roman people into two factions fighting among themselves, patricians and plebians, finally agreement was restored among all the citizenry. Then, at the time of Augustus, the Roman Senate and people restored the temple of Concord, collapsed from age, to a better facade. Next to the temple of Concordia is a Prison, which is part underground, dark and foul smelling and terrible, called Tullianus; many Roman enemies were given punishment in Tullianus.

Aedes Divi Vespasiani a filiis Tito et Domitiano aedificata, a Domitiano patri mortuo dedicata est. Iuxta aedem Divi Vespasiani est porticus duodecim diis et deabus consecrata, quorum simulacra aurata in porticu stant. Nomina duodecim deorum his Ennii versibus hexametris continentur:

The temple of Divine Vespasian built by his sons Titus and Domitian, was dedicated by Domitian at his father's death. Next to the temple of the Divine Vespasian is a portico consecrated to the twelve gods and goddesses, of which there is a golden statue standing in the portico. The names of the twelve gods are contained in the hexameter verses from Ennius:

Iūnô, Vesta, Minerva, Cerēs, Dīāna, Venus, Mārs, Mercurius, Iovi, Neptūnus, Vulcānus, Apollô.

Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars, Mercury, Jove, Neptune, Vulcan, Apollo.

Multae viae ex omnibus urbis partibus in forum ferunt, ut Argiletum, Sacra via, Nova via, vicus Tuscus, vicus Iugarius, atque clivus Capitolinus, quo imperatores triumphantes in Capitolium ascendunt. ('Clivus' dicitur via quae in clivo montis facta est.)

Many roads lead from all parts of the city to the forum, such as the Argiletum, Holy road, New road, Tuscus road, Jugarius road, and the Capitoline slope where triumphant commanders ascend to the Capitoline. (a road called a 'slope' is made on the slope of a mountain.)

In summa Sacra via infra clivum Palatinum est arcus Titi, de quo mox dicendum erit, et templum Iovis Statoris. In hoc templum senatus eo die convenit quo Cicero consul oratione clarissima habita Catilinam, hostem patriae, e senatu atque ex urbe expulit.

On the top of holy road below the slope of Palatine is the arch of Titus which will soon be spoken, and the temple of Jove Statoris. In this temple the Senate assempled on the day when consul Cicero gave the famous speech to Catiline, enemy of the country, who was driven out from the Senate and city.

Vicus Tuscus forum Romanum cum foro Boario iungit, id est forum celebre prope Tiberim flumen ubi boves aliaeque pecudes veneunt. In ara Maxima, quae in foro Boario locata est, sacrificia Herculi, deo Graeco, fiunt. Hercules enim antiquis temporibus boves formosos in hunc locum egit

Tuscus street joins the Roman forum with the Boarius forum, that is the famous forum near the Tiber river where oxen and other cattle are sold. On the Great altar, which is located on the Boarius forum, sacrifices are made to the Greek god Hercules. For Hercules in ancient times drove the beautiful oxen to this place

constituitque sibi quae 'Maxima' dicitur aram
hic ubi pars urbis dē bove nomen habet,

and built for himself an altar called the Greatest
here where the part of the city has the name of the oxen

ut versibus narrat Ovidius.

as is told in the verses by Ovid.

Urbs marmorea

Marble City

Extra forum Romanum sunt alia multa aedificia publica. Iam veteres reges Romani in valle Murcia, quae inter Palatium et Aventinum interiecta est, circum Maximum constituerunt, qui a Caesare renovatus plus quam trecentos passus longus est et octoginta milia spectatorum capit. Alter circus postea in campo Martio aedificatus est et circus Flaminius appellatus a nomine C. Flaminii, qui eodem tempore viam Flaminiam munivit; tertius circus trans Tiberim in agro Vaticano constitutus a principe C. Caligula. Non procul a circo Flaminio Cn. Pompeius consul amplissimum theatrum marmoreum aedificandum curavit cum porticu et nova curia. In curia Pompeia statua Pompeii locata erat, ad cuius pedes C. Iulius Caesar a M. Bruto, C. Cassio aliisque senatoribus necatus est. Id factum est idibus Martiis quarto anno postquam Caesar exercitum Pompeii superavit in Thessalia ad oppidum Pharsalum. Post necem Caesaris curia Pompeia a populo irato incensa est.

Outside the Roman forum there are many other public buildings. Now the ancient Roman kings established the Circus Maximus in the Murcia valley which lies between the Palatine and Aventine, which was restored by Caesar more than three hundred miles long and holds eighty thousand spectators. Another circus was built later in the Martian field and is called circus Flaminius from the name C. Flaminius, who at the same time constructed the Flaminius road; a third circus was constucted across the Tiber in Vatican field by prince C. Caligula. Not far from the Circus Flaminius consul Gn. Pompey took care building a very large marble theatre with a portico and new curia. In the Pompey curia a statue of Pompey was placed, at its feet G. Julius Caesar was killed by M. Brutus, C. Cassius and other senators. That occurred the ides of March the fourth year after Caesar overcame the army of Pompey in Thessaly at the town of Pharsalus. After the killing of Caesar the curia of Pompey was burned by the angry people.

Caesar autem, priusquam ita necatus est, non solum vetera opera refecerat, sed etiam nova constituerat. In ea urbis parte quae est post Comitium, multis domibus privatis destructis, novum forum fecerat in quo templum Veneris Genetricis situm est. Venus enim a Iulio Caesare 'genetrix' nominabatur, quia gens Iulia a Venere orta esse dicitur.

But Caesar, before he was thus killed, not only restored the old works, but also built new. In the part of the city that is behind Comitium, with many private homes destroyed, he made a new forum where the temple of Mother Venus sat. For Venus was named 'mother' bu Julius Caesar because the Julia tribe is said to have arisen from Venus.

Caesare interfecto C. Octavianus adulescens necem eius ulcisci constituit, neque vero id sine auxilio deorum, praecipue Martis, fieri posse arbitrabatur. Ergo Marti deo templum vovit priusquam proelium commisit cum Bruto et Cassio. Quibus victis Octavianus iuxta forum Iulium novum forum cum templo Martis incohavit. Magnus quidem opus fuit, neque brevi tempore perfectum est, nam quadraginta denique annis post Caesar Octavianus Augustus, quo cognomine tum appellabatur, magnificum illud monumentum victoriae suae Marti dedicavit. Templum Martis Ultoris nominatum est, quod ille deus mortem Caesaris ultus esse putabatur.

Caesar having been killed C. Octavius a young man decided to avenge his death but he did not think he would be able without the help of the gods, especially Mars. Therefore he vowed at the temple of Mars to the god before beginning the battle with Brutus and Cassius. Having defeated them he began a new forum with a temple of Mars next to the Julius Forum. It was indeed a great work and not completed in a short time, for finally forty years after Caesar Octavius Augustus, by which cognomen he was then called, dedicated that magnificent monument to Mars of his victory. The temple of Mars the avenger it was named because that god was thought to be the avenger of Caesar's death.

Nemo princeps Romanus tot aedificiis magnificis Romam auxit ornavitque quot Augustus. Non solum aedes sacras vetustate collapsas aut incendiis absumptas refecit, sed plurimas domos e lateribus factis destruxit atque tot et tanta nova opera marmorea aedificavit ut iure gloriatus sit 'marmoream se relinquere urbem quam latericiam accepisset.' Iuxta domum suam Palatinam templum Apollinis fecit cum porticibus et bibliotheca Latina Graecaque. In campo Martio plurima opera exstruxit, e quibus memoranda sunt haec: porticus ad circum Flaminium, quam a nomine sororis suae porticum Octaviae nominavit; theatrum Marcelli, appellatum a sororis filio M. Claudio Marcello; ara Pacis, in qua sacerdotes virginesque Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit; mausoleum Augusti, id est monumentum in quo ossa principis cremata servantur. Eodem tempore Pantheum, altum templum rotundum, in campo Martio exstructum est a M. Agrippa, duce illustri qui classi Augusti praefectus erat, itemque magnae balneae quae ab eodem thermae Agrippae vocantur.

No Roman prince increased and adorned Rome with as many magnificent buildings as Augustus. He not only restored holy buildings collapsed from age or consumes by fire, but he destroyed many homes made from bricks and built so many new works of marble that he rightly boasted 'that he would leave the city marble that he had received of brick.' Next to his Palatine home he made the temple of Apollo with a portico and Latin and Greek library. He constructed many works in the Martian field, of which these are remembered: the portico at the Circus Flaminium, which he named from his sister Octavia's name; the theatre of Marcellus, he named for his sister's son M. Claudius Marcellus; the altat of Peace, in which priests and Vestal virgins are ordered to make annual sacrifices; the mausoleum of Augustus, that is the monument in which the cremated bones of princes are kept. At the same time the Pantheon, a tall round temple, was built in the Martian field by M. Agrippa, the famous leader who commanded Augustus's fleet, and likewise large baths that were called by the same Baths of Agrippa.

Hae primae thermae Romae fuerunt, sed postea aliae thermae etiam magnificentiores aedificatae sunt ab imperatore Nerone in campo Martio, a Tito et Traiano in Esquiliis. Romani cotidie in thermas illas celebres lavatum eunt atque ibidem corpora exercent natando, currendo, luctando. Aqua, cuius magna copia a lavantibus consumitur, e montibus in thermas deducitur per longos aquae ductus, quorum veterrimus, aqua Appia, in urbem inducta est ab Appio Claudio Caeco, qui etiam viam Appiam a porta Capena usque ad urbem Capuam muniendam curavit. Ductus eius habet longitudinem passuum undecim milium centum nonaginta (ex eo rivus est subterraneus passuum undecim milium centum triginta, supra terram opus arcuatum passuum sexaginta). Sed ductus clarissimus, aqua Claudia, ab imperatore Claudio, qui ante Neronem Romae imperavit, perfecta est, et habet longitudinem passuum quadraginta sex milium quadringentorum sex (ex eo opus arcuatum passuum sex milium quadringentorum nonaginta et unius).

These were the first baths of Rome, but afterwards other magnificent baths were also built by emperor Nero in the Martian Field, a Titus and Trajan in Esquilius. The Romans go every day to wash in those famous baths, and there exercise their bodies by swimming, running, and wrestling. The water, of which a large supply was consumed by washing, was led from the mountains into the baths through long aqueducts, of which the oldest, the Appian aque, was led into the city by Appius Claudius the Blind, who also took care in building the Appian road from the Capena gate to Capuam city. This duct has a length eleven thousand one hundred and ninety miles (from its stream is eleven thousand one hundred and thirty miles underground, the arched work sixty miles above ground). But the most famous ducts, the Claudia ducts, completed by emperor Claudius, who ruled Rome before Nero, and has a length forty-six thousand four hundred and six (from that work six thousand four hundred and ninety one).

Urbis incendium et domus aurea Neronis

Burning of the city and Nero's gold house

Nerone imperante terribile incendium a circo Maximo ortum magnam urbis partem absumpsit. Nero, cum urbem ardentem prospiceret, pulchritudine flammarum delectatus dicitur iniisse domesticam scaenam et cecinisse Troiae incendium, sed incertum est num tyrannus ille insanus, qui vetera aedificia vicosque angustos contemnebat, urbem ipse incenderit. Cum sexto demum die ignis exstinctus esset, ex regionibus quattuordecim, in quas Augustus Romam diviserat, quattuor tantum integrae manebant, tres funditus flammis deletae erant, in septem reliquis pauca tectorum vestigia supererant.

Under Nero's command a terrible fire arose from the Circus Maximus and consumed a great part of the city. Nero, when he looked at the burning city, is said to have been delighted by the beautif of the flames and entered into a stage scene and sang of burning Troy, but it is uncertain whether that insane tyrant, who hated the old buildings and narrow streets burned the city himself. When the fire was finally exinguished on the sixth day, from the fourteen regions, into which Augustus divided Rome, only four remained undamaged, three were utterly destroyed by the flames, in the seven remaining a few traces of roofs remained.

Post incendium, cum tota vallis quae inter Esquilias et Palatium interiecta est domibus vacua facta esset, Nero in hac regione domum amplissimam sibi exstruxit, quae ita auro atque gemmis splendebat ut iure 'domus aurea' nominaretur. Longissima porticus a Sacra via ad illam domum splendidam ferebat. In vestibulo stabat ingens statua tyranni ex aere facta, quae Colossus appellabatur. In hortis Neronis, qui usque ad montem Caelium patebant, stagnum arte factum erat aedificiis circumdatum atque campis silvisque cum multitudine omnis generis pecudum ac ferarum. Nero ipse domum suam perfectam ita probavit ut 'se' diceret 'quasi hominem tandem habitare coepisse!' Horum omnium operum nihil paene restat, nam post mortem Neronis imperator T. Flavius Vespasianus in loco stagni clarissimum amphitheatrum exstruxit, quod a nomine principis amphitheatrum Flavium appellatur; atque Titus et Traianus in ipso loco domus aureae thermas suas collocaverunt.

After the fire, when the entire valley that lies between Esquilias and Palatine was made empty of houses, Nero build for himself in this region a very large house, which so shined with gold and gems that it was rightly named 'golden house.' A very long portico led from the Sacred road to that splendid house. In the forecourt stood a large statue of the tyrant made from bronze that is called the Colossus. In Nero's gardens, which extend all the way to mount Caelius, a pond made by art was surrounded by buildings and fields and forests with a multitude of all kinds of cattle and wild animals. Nero himself found his house so perfect that he said 'it was as if a man had finally begun to live!' Of all of these works almost nothing remains standing for after the death of Nero emperor T. Flavius Vespasian built a very famous ampitheatre in place of the pond, which is called by the name of the prince; and Titus and Trajan placed their thermal baths in place of the golden house.

Imperatores Flavii

Flavian Emperors

Idem Vespasianus duo templa aedificavit: templum Divi Claudii in Caelio monte (coeptum quidem ab Agrippina, Claudii uxore, sed a Nerone prope funditus destructum), et templum Pacis foro proximum. Hoc templum incohatum est cum Titus, filius Vespasiani maior, Iudaeos vicisset atque Hierosolyma, urbem illorum nobilissimam, delevisset. In templo Pacis servantur res sacrae quas Titus Iudaeis victis ademit, in iis candelabrum aureum et mensa aurata quae in templo Hierosolymorum stabat tubaeque argenteae quibus Iudaei convocabantur.

The same Vespasian built two temples: the temple of Divine Claudius on the Caelius mountain (indeed began by Agrippina, Claudius's wife, by almost entirely destroyed by Nero), and the Temple of Peace next to the forum. This temple began with Titus, Vespasian's oldest son, having conquered the Jews and Jerusalem, their most renowned city, he had destroyed. Kept in the temple of Peace are the holy things that Titus took from the conquered Jews, among them a golden candelabra and golden tables that stood in the temple of Jerusalem and silver trumpets by which the Jews were called.

Postquam imperator Titus morbo mortuus est, senatus populusque Romanum arcum pulcherrimum Divo Tito dedicavit, qui in summa Sacra via positus est. In parte interiore triumphus Titi de Iudaeis imaginibus illustratur: ab altera parte imperator lauro ornatus curru triumphali vectus videtur, ab altera milites candelabrum et tubas Iudaeorum ferentes.

After emperor Titus died from illness, the Roman Senate and people dedicated a very beautiful arch to the divine Titus, which was place at the top of the sacred road. In the interior part the triumph of Titus over the Jews is diplayed with images: on former part the emperor is seen wearing a laurel carried by chariot, on the latter soldiers carry the candelabra and trumpets of the Jews.

Domitianus, frater Titi minor, qui post eum imperavit, templum Iovis Optimi Maximi in Capitolio refecit et domum Augustanam in Palatio aedificavit, ut supra dictum est. Inter cetera Domitiani opera memorandum est stadium in campo Martio factum, ubi iuvenes Romani cursu se exercent.

Domitian, Titus's younger brother, who ruled after him, restored the temple of Jove the Highest Greatest on the Capitoline and built the house of Augustus on the Palatine as said above. Among the other works that must be remembered of Domitian is the stadium built in the Martian field where young Roman men exercising themselves with running.

Traianus et Hadrianus

Trajan and Hadrian

Domitiano interfecto, primum M. Cocceius Nerva annum tantum et quattuor menses imperavit, deinde M. Ulpius Traianus, optimus princeps, imperium accepit. Quorum uterque novum forum faciendum curavit. Forum Nervae cum templo Minervae situm est inter forum Augusti et templum Pacis. Forum Traiani, omnium maximum et splendidissimum, inter Arcem et collem Quirinalem interiectum est. In medio foro locata est statua equi qui ipsum principem vehit. Illa basilica quam Traianus foro suo adiunxit et a nomine suo basilicam Ulpiam appellavit, etiam amplior est quam basilica Iulia. Iuxta basilicam Ulpiam, inter duas bibliothecas ab eodem principe constitutas, stat alta columna in qua bella quae Traianus in Dacia gessit plurimis imaginibus illustrantur. In summa columna statua imperatoris aerea positus est.

After Domitian was killed, M. Cocceius Nerva first reigned only a year and four months, then M. Ulpius Trajan, the best leader, received command. Each of them arranged the building of a new forum. The Nerva Forum with the temple of Minerva sat between the forum of Augustus and the Temple of Peace. Trajan's Forum, the greatest and most splendid of all, lied between the citadel and the Quiranaline hill. In the middle of the forum was placed a statue of a horse that carried the leader himself. That basilica that Trajan added to his forum and called Ulpia from his own name, was even larger than Basilica Julius. Next to Basilica Ulpia, between two libraries build by the same leader, stands a tall column which illustrate with pictures the many wars that Trajan waged in Dacia. On top of the column was placed a bronze statue of the emperor.

Traiano mortuo, imperator P. Aelius Hadrianus templum praeclarum post basilicam Ulpiam aedificatum Divo Traiano dedicavit. Maxima vero Hadriani opera sunt templum Veneris et Romae sive Urbis Aeternae in Velia situm, id est in colle humili qui a Palatio ad Esquilias versus eminet; Pantheum novum in campo Martio; ac mausoleum trans Tiberim situm. Pons Aelius, quo Hadrianus mausoleum suum cum campo Martio iunxit, maximus et firmissimus est omnium pontium qui in Tiberi facti sunt.

Trajan having died, emperor P. Aelius Hadrian built the famous temple behind the Basilica Ulpia dedicated to the Divine Trajan. But the greatest works of Hadrian are the temple of Venus and Rome or the Eternal city located in Velia, that is on the low hill that extended from the Palatine across to the Esquilia; the new Pantheon in the Martian Field; and the mausoleum located across the Tiber. The Aelius bridge, which joins Hadrian's mausoleum with the Martian Field, is the greatest and strongest of all the bridges made on the Tiber.

Antoninus Pius, qui post Hadrianum imperavit, tertio anno imperii sui Faustinam uxorem perdidit, quae a senatu consecrata est. Templum Divae Faustinae dedicatum - ac deinde, vicesimo anno post, Divo Antonino - in Sacra via situm est iuxta basilicam Aemiliam.

Antonius Pius, who ruled after Hadrian, lost his wife Faustina in the third year of his rule, who was consecrated by the Senate. A temple to the Divine Faustina was dedicated - and then, after twenty years, to the Divine Antonius - was placed on the holy road next to Basilica Amelia.

Orbis caput

Head of the world

Sed satis hoc loco dictum est de magnitudine et pulchritudine urbis Romae. Videamus nunc quomodo haec urbs mirabilis a parva origine ad tantam magnitudinem tantamque gloriam pervenerit ut caput orbis terrarum appelletur. Nam, ut dicit Ovidius:

But enough has been said in this place of the greatness and beauty of the city of Rome. Let us see now how this amazing city arrived from a small origin to such greatness and such glory that it was called the head of the world. For, at Ovid says:

Hīc ubi nunc Rôma est, orbis caput, arbor et herbae

et paucae pecudēs et casa rāra fuit.

Here where Rome is now, head of the world, there were

tree and grass and a few cattle and a rare hut.

Nunc vero

Iuppiter, arce suā cum tôtum spectat in orbem,

nīl nisi Rômānum quod tueātur habet.

But now

Jupiter, from his citadel looks on the whole world,

has nothing besides the Roman to protect.

Omnium primum igitur dicendum est de Aenea, duce Troianorum, a quo populus Romanus originem trahit. In carmine preaclaro quod Aeneis inscribitur, P. Vergilius poeta, qui aetate Augusti vixit, res ab Aenea gestas hexametris narravit, quam narrationem proximis quattuor capitulis soluta oratione sequimur, aliquot Vergilii versibus servatis.

Everything first should therefore be said of Aeneas, leader of the Trojans, from whom the Roman people trace their origin. In the famous poem written of Aeneis, poet P. Vergil, who lived in the age of Augustus, narrated in hexameters the deeds of Aeneas, which narrative we follow in the next four chapters in loose speech, some of Vergil's verses are preserved.

VOCABVLA

casa
stramentum
arx
consul
incendium
marmor
cella
simulacrum
sedes
triumphus
sacrificium
metallum
aes
palus
cloaca
basilica
vicus
curia
senatus
senator
orator
rostrum
prora
aedes
promunturium
focus
regia
pontifex
aerarium
discordia
factio
patricii
plebeii
concordia
vetustas
odor
porticus
clivus
ara
statua
genetrix
monumentum
ultor
later
bibliotheca
mausoleum
balneae
thermae
ductus
aquae ductus
longitudo
flamma
vestibulum
stagnum
pecus
candelabrum
tuba
morbus
laurus
stadium
pons
magnitudo
origo
quadratus
firmus
sacer
augustus
amplus
subterraneus
celeber
illustris
rotundus
domesticus
aeternus
divinus
divus
marmoreus
auratus
interiectus
latericius
anniversarius
arcuatus
insanus
splendidus
interior
triumphalis
aereus
praeclarus
vicesimus
restare
tegere
praecipitare
sacrare
expellere
consecrare
reficere
splendere
siccare
deducere
exstruere
venire
locare
eminere
destruere
evenire
ardere
exstinguere
praeficere
cremare
deponere
restituere
collabi
dedicare
triumphare
renovare
superare
incendere
ulcisci
vovere
incohare
absumere
gloriari
exercere
inducere
inire
probare
collocare
adimere
tertium
ibidem

VOCABULARY

cottage, hut
straw
hill-top, citadel
consul
fire, conflagration
marble
temple chamber, chapel
image, statue
seat, abode, dwelling
triumph
sacrifice
metal
copper, bronze, money
fen, swamp
sewer
basilica
street, village
curia (division of the people, Senate-house)
senate
senator
speaker, orator, envoy
beak, beaked prow
prow
temple, pl house
headland, promontory
hearth
royal palace
high priest
public treasury
disagreement, discord
party, faction
patrician
plebeians
concord
age
smell
portico, colonnade
slope, sloping street
altar
statue
mother
memorial, monument
avenger
brick
library
mausoleum
public baths
public baths
leadership, command
aqueduct
length
flame
forecourt
pool, pond
livestock, sheep, cattle
candelabrum
trumpet
disease, illness
laurel
running-track
bridge
size, greatness
beginnings, origin
square
strong, stable, firm
holy, sacred
venerable, majestic
large, big
underground
crowded, well-known
brilliant, illustrious
round
domestic, household
eternal, everlasting
divine
divine
marble
gilded
situated between
of brick
annual
arched
mad, insane
shining, splendid
interior, inner (part of)
triumphal
of bronze/copper
splendid, excellent
twentieth
remain, be left
cover, conceal
throw/fall/rush headlong
consecrate
dive out, expel
consecrate, deify
restore, repair
shine
dry, drain
lead/bring down, launch
erect, build
come
place
stick out, project
demolish
happen, fall by lot
burn
extinguish, put out, kill, annihilate
put in charge of
burn, cremate
put/lay down, deposit
rebuild, restore, reinstate
fall down, collapse
dedicate
celebrate a triumph
renew, resume
cross, surpass, overcome, defeat, remain
set on fire, inflame
revenge, avenge
promise, vow
start work on, begin
consume, waste, destroy
boast
exercise, practice, worry
lead, bring (in), introduce
enter (upon), begin
approve of, prove
place
take away (from), steal
for the third time
in the same place

CAPITVLVM TRICESIMVM SEPTIMVMTHIRTY-SEVENTH CHAPTER

TROIA CAPTATROY SEIZED

Italiae incolae primi Aborigines fuerunt, quorum rex Saturnus tanta iustitia fuisse dicitur ut nec serviret quisquam sub illo nec quidquam suum proprium haberet, sed omnia communia omnibus essent. Ob memoriam illius aetatis 'aureae', quae vocatur, mos Romanorum est ut mense Decembri diebus festis qui dicuntur Saturnalia servi in conviviis cum dominis discumbant.

The first inhabitants of Italy were the Aborigines, whose king Saturn was said to have been so righteous that no one served under him nor did anyone have his own property, but everything was common to all. For the memory of that age, which is called 'golden,' it is the custom of the Romans that in the month of December the feast days called Saturnalia, that slaves sit down in feasts with their masters.

Post hunc Picus, deinde Faunus in Latio regnavit. Eo tempore Euander, Mercurii et Carmentis filius, profugus ex Arcadia, regione Peloponnesi media, in Italiam venit cum parva manu Graecorum; cui Faunus, rex benignus, montem, quem ille postea Palatium appellavit, et arva colenda dedit.

After this Picus, then Faunus reigned in Latium. At that time Euander, son of Mercury and Carmen, refuge from Arcadia, a region in the middle of Peloponnese, came into Italy with a small band of Greeks; to whom Faunus, a kind king, was given a mountain, that was afterward called Palatine, and fields for cultivating.

Fauno mortuo, Latinus, filius eius, regnum accepit. Huius filius in prima iuventute periit; sola in regia erat filia, nomine Lavinia, iam matura viro. Illam multi viri e Latio totaque Italia petebant, ante omnes Turnus, rex Rutulorum.

Faunus having died, Latinus, his son received the kingdom. His son perished in his prime; his daughter alone was in the palace, named Lavinia, now matured for a husband. Many men sought her from Latium and all of Italy, above all Turnus, king of the Rutulians.

Equus Troianus

Dum Latinus in Italia in pace diuturna regnat, Troia seu Ilium, clarissima Asiae urbs, post bellum decem annorum tandem a Graecis capta est. Graeci enim, cum urbem vi expugnare non possent, dolo usi sunt: equum ingentem e ligno fabricaverunt eumque militibus armatis compleverunt, quibus praefecti erant Ulixes et Pyrrhus, Achillis filius. Equo ligneo in litore relicto, ceteri Graeci celeriter in insulam propinquam, cui nomen est Tenedos, profecti sunt ibique latuerunt.

Troiani vero, cum Graecos Argos in patriam suam avectos esse arbitrarentur, tum demum post tot annos portas aperuerunt atque exire ausi sunt. Sine cura sub altis muris ambulabant atque castra Graecorum deserta inspiciebant; sed ubi primum equum ligneum in litore collocatum viderunt, stupentes constiterunt et molem equi mirabantur. Alii eum ut donum Minervae, deae Troianis benignae, sacratum intra muros duci et in arce locari iubebant, alii donum Graecorum suspectum in mare praecipitandum et flammis urendum esse censebant, alii interiorem equi partem inspicere volebant.

But the Trojans, when they thought the Greeks to be carried off to their country Argos, then finally after a whole year opened the gates and dared go outside. Without concern they walked under the tall walls and inspected the abandonded camp of the Greeks; but when first they saw the wooden horse left on the shore, they stopped marveling and amazed at the size of the horse. Some commanded that it be led to a holy place within the walls and placed in the citadel as a gift of Minerva, kind godess of the Trojans, others suspicious the gift of the Greeks thought it should be throwin into the sea and burned, others wanted to inspect the inside part of the horse.

Ita dum populus incertus in contrarias sententias dividitur, Laocoon, neptuni sacerdos, ab summa arce decurrens cives suos monuit ne Danais confiderent:

Thus while the uncertain people were divided into contrary opinions, Laocoon, priest of Neptune, ran down from the top of the citadel warning his citizens lest they trust the Greeks:

... "O miseri, quae tanta insania, cives?

Creditis avectos hostes? aut ulla putatis

dona carere dolis Danaum? Sic notus Ulixes?

Aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi,

aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros...

Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos - et dona ferentes!"

... "O miserable citizens, what insanity is this?

Do you believe the enemy to be carried away? or think any

gifts of the Greek lack tricks? Is Ulysses thus known?

Either they are hidden locked in the wood,

or this machine was made against our walls...

Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks - even bearing gifts!"

Sic fatus omnibus viribus ingentem hastam in latus equi misit; sed illa tremens in firmo robore stetit neque in partem interiorem ad milites occultos penetravit.

Having spoken thus he thrusts a huge spear into the side of the horse with all his strength; but it stood trembling in strong wood and did not penetrate into the interior part to the hidden soldiers.

Paulo post animi Troianorum re horrenda turbati sunt: Dum Laocoon ad aram taurum immolat, subito duo angues ingentes ab insula Tenedo per mare tranquillum ad litus natant. Cum terram attigissent, capitibus erectis oculisque ardentibus Troianos perterritos procpiciunt. Inde recta via Laocoontem petunt; et primum parva duorum filiorum corpora complexi membra eorum tenera edunt, tum patrem ipsum, qui miseris filiis auxilio veniebat, corripiunt. Iam bis corpus eius medium amplectuntur, bis collo longa corpora sua circumdant. Ille simul manibus se explicare conatur, simul clamores horrendos ad caelum tollit. At angues in summam arcem ad simulacrum Minervae confugiunt ibique sub clipeo deae latent.

A little after the minds of the Trojans were disturbed by the horrifying matter: While Laocoon sacrificed a bull at the alter, suddenly two huge snakes swam from Tenedus island through the calm sea to the shore. When they touched the land, they lifted their heads and with burning eyes they looked upon the terrified Trojans. From there they seek a straight path to Laocoon; and first gripping the little bodies of the two sons they ate their tender members, then they seized the father himself, who came to help his poor sons. Now they twice embrace the middle of his body, twice they surround his long neck with their bodies. At the same time he tries to free himself with his hands, he gives a horrible shout to the sky. But the snakes fled to the top of the citadel to the statue of Minerva and hid there under the shield of the goddess.

Tum vero cuncti Troiani novo pavore perturbantur, et 'Lacoontem poenas meritas Minervae dedisse' dicunt, 'quod hasta scelerata sacrum robus laeserit.' Conclamant omnes 'simulacrum equi in arcem Minervae ducendum esse.'

But then all of the Trojans were disturbed by a new terror, and they said 'Laocoon had been given the worthy punishment of Minerva,' because, 'that wicked spear struck the holy wood.' They all shouted 'the horse statue must be led to into the citadel of Minerva.'

Ergo parte murorum destructa machina illa hostibus armatis plena magno labore in urbem trahitur funibus, dum pueri puellaeque carmina sacra canunt et funem manu contingere gaudent. In ipso limine portae consistit atque penitus ex ventre sonant arma, sed Troiani pergunt et monstrum infelix in arce sacra ponunt.

Therefore having destroyed part of the walls that machine full with armed enemies was dragged with much labor into the city with ropes, while boys and girls sing holy songs and joyfully touch the rope with their hands. On the threshold of the gate it stands and the noise of arms resound from its belly, but the Trojans continue and place the wretched monster in the holy citadel.

Etiam tunc Cassandra, filia Priami virgo cui res futuras praedicenti nemo umquam credebat, fatum Troiae civibus suis praedixit, nec vero Troes miseri, quibus ille dies supremus futurus erat, ei crediderunt, sed velut festo die templa deorum fronde exornaverunt.

Even then Cassandra, virgin daughter of Priam whom no one believed in predicting future events, predicted the fate of Troy to her citizens, but the poor Trojans, for whom that dat was to be the last, did not believe her, but instead as if it was were a festival day, adorned the temples of the gods with foliage.

Cum iam sol occidisset et nox obscura terram tegeret, Troiani fessi somno se dederunt. Tum equo patefacto milites Graeci per funem demissum ad terram lapsi sunt. Urbis custodibus occisis, portas patefecerunt et ceteros Graecos, qui interim Tenedo redierant, in urbem receperunt.

Since the sun had already set and dark night touched the land, the tired Torjans went to sleep. Then with the horse opened the Greek soldiers went down to the ground by means of a lowered rope. With the city guards killed, the gates lied open and the other Greeks, who meanwhile returned from Tenedo, went into the city.

Somnium Aeneae

Aeneas's Dream

Dum haec aguntur, Troiani sine cura dormiebant, in iis Aeneas, dux egregius, Anchisa et Venere dea natus. Ecce ei in somno apparuit maestissimus Hector, filius Priami mortuus - sed qualis erat, quantum mutatus ab illo Hectore qui ex tot proeliis victor redierat! Sordidam barbam crinesque cruentos gerebat et vulnera illa quae plurima circum muros Troiae acceperat. Ille graviter gemens Aeneam monuit 'ut deos Penates urbis Troiae caperet atque ex urbe incensa fugeret':

While these things occurred, the Trojans were sleeping without care, among them Aeneas, the outstanding leader, son of Anchisa and the goddess Venus. Behold a very sorrowful Hector appeared to him in a dream, the dead son of Priam - but what kind was he, how much from that Hector who returned the victor from so many battles! bearing a dirty beard and bloody hair and the many wounds he received around the walls of Troy. He groaning heavily warned Aeneas 'to seize the Penates gods from the city of Troy and flee from the burning city':

"Heu, fuge, nate dea, teque his" ait "eripe flammis!

Hostis habet muros. Ruit alto a culmine Troia."

"Alas, flee son of the goddess, and save yourself from these flammes!

The enemy has the walls. Troy is falling from its lofty height"

Hic Aeneas clamoribus hominum et strepitu armorum e somno excitatus est. Celeriter in summum tectum ascendit, unde cum multas domos per totam urbem flagrantes videret, hostes dolo in urbem penetravisse intellexit. Arma amens cepit, ut in arcem curreret cum manu militum.

Here Aeneas awoke from his sleep to the shouting of men and noise of arms. He quickly ascended on top of the roof from where he saw many homes through the whole city burning, he understood the enemy had penetraed the city by deception. Furious he grabbed his arms to run to the citadel with a band of soldiers.

Ecce autem Panthus, Apollinis sacerdos, ex telis Graecorum elapsus, amens ad limen accurrit sacra manu tenens. Quem cum Aeneas interrogavisset 'quae fortuna esset patriae?' magno cum gemitu haec respondit:

Here Panthus, priest of Apollo, escaped from the darts of the Greeks, furiously running to the threshold holding holy things in his hand. When Aeneas had asked him 'what had been the fate of his country?' with much groaning he answered with this:

"Venit summa dies et ineluctabile tempus

Dardaniae. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens

gloria Teucrorum! Ferus omnia Iuppiter Argos

transtulit. Incensa Danai dominantur in urbe."

"The last day and unavoidable time comes to

Troy. We have been Trojans, it was Ilium and great

glory of the Trojans! Wild Jupiter transferred everything

to Argos. The Greeks dominates in the burned city."

Hoc audito Aeneas iuvenes audaces, quos pugnandi cupidos videt, paucis verbis hortatur ut se arment et strictis gladiis in media hostium arma morituri se praecipitent:

Hearing this Aeneas encourages the daring young men, whom he sees eager for fighting, with a few words to arm themselves and with drawn swords throw themselves into the midst of the enemy's arms ready to die:

"Una salus victis: nullam sperare salutem!"

"There is one salvation for the conquered: not hoping of survival!"

Talibus verbis ad pugnam incitati iuvenes acerrimi per tela, per hostes vadunt in mortem haud dubiam. Plurima corpora sternuntur per vias et per domos, ubique fit lucutus et pavor...

Incited to battle by such words, the most ardent young men go to their undoubted death, through weapons and enemies. Many bodies stretched out through the streets and through the homes, everywhere there was mourning and fear...

Priamus

Priamus

Neque quisquam ne in templis quidem deorum tutus erat. Ecce virgo Cassandra crinibus passis a templo Minervae (ubi Aiax, Oilei filius, ei vim attulerat) trahebatur, frustra oculos ardentes ad caelum erigens - nam teneras manus vincula tenebant. Troiani hanc speciem ferre non poterant et cuncti in medium hostium agmen ruebant. Pugna acris ante templum orta est multique Troiani ab hostibus numero superioribus occisi sunt. Pauci cum duce Aenea elapsi protinus ad aedes Priami clamore vocati sunt. Hic vero acerrime pugnabatur: Graecis undique procurrentibus Troiani inclusi vi et armis resistebant, alii turres et culmina domorum destruebant atque lateres trabesque in hostes muros ascendentes coniciebant, alii strictis gladiis fores defendebant. Aeneas vero, cupidus civibus inclusis auxilium ferendi, per fores occultas in regiam penetrat atque defensoribus sese adiungit.

And no one was safe not even in the temples of the gods. Behold the virgin Cassandra dragged with torn hair from the temple of Minerva (where Ajax, son of Oilei, brought her by force, in vain she lifts up her eyes burning to the sky - for her tender hands are held in chains.

Domus interior gemitu ac tumultu miscetur, penitusque magna atria ululatu feminarum resonant, cum matres pavidae in aedibus errent infantes suos amplexae. Neque vero robur ianuae vim Graecorum diutius ferre potest: fractis cardinibus fores concidunt, Graeci feroces in atrium penetrant primosque trucidant, regia tota hostibus armatis completur.

Rex Priamus senex, ut primum fores fractas et hostes in mediis aedibus vidit, manibus infirmis arma capit et gladio cingitur atque moriturus in hostes progreditur. Hoc videns Hecuba, uxor eius, quae cum filiabus pavidis circum magnam aram sedebat, "O miserrime coniunx" inquit, "Quare inutili gladio cingeris? aut quo vadis ita armatus? Iam non telis egemus, sed auxilio deorum:

Huc tandem concede! Haec ara tuebitur omnes

- aut moriere simul!"

Sic locuta maritum senem ad sese recepit et in ara locavit.

Ecce autem Polites, unus filiorum Priami, ex caede vix elapsus per porticus longas et vacua atria ad aram fugit saucius. Illum Pyrrhus iratus persequitur iam iamque manu tenet et hasta percutit. Tandem Polites ante oculos parentum concidit ac multo cum sanguine vitam effundit.

Hic Priamus, quamquam ipse mortem iam propinquam videt, ira permotus exclamat: "At pro tali scelere di caelestes praemia debita reddant tibi, qui coram patre filium foede trucidavisti!" Sic fatus senex infirmus telum inutile coniecit, quod Pyrrhum laedere non potuit, sed nequiquam in clipeo haesit. Cui Pyrrhus "Nunc morere!" inquit, senemque trementem et in sanguine filii labentem ad ipsam aram traxit, ubi laeva comam eius prehendens dextra ensem sustulit atque in latere regis defixit!

Sic periit Priamus, quondam tot gentium atque terrarum rex superbus, cum Troiam patriam ab hostibus captam et incensam videret.

Anchises

At tum primum saevus horror Aeneam perfudit: nam cum regem senem ex crudeli vulnere morientem videret, venit ei in mentem ipsius pater senex Anchises et uxor Creusa et parvus filius Ascanius, quos solos domi deseruerat. Tum subito mater Venus, in luce pura per noctem fulgens, filio se videndam obtulit eique suasit ut celeriter domum ad suos fugeret, simulque promisit se ipsam filium tutum ad limen domus patriae ducturam esse. Aeneas igitur descendit ac ducente dea inter flammas et hostes elapsus est: neque tela neque flammae ei nocuerunt.

Ubi iam ad antiquam domum patriam pervenit, Anchises pater, quem primum in altos montes portare volebat, ex patria capta fugere recusavit. "Vos quibus integrae sunt vires" ait, "vos capite fugam! Di caelestes, si me vitam producere voluissent, hanc patriam mihi servavissent. Nolo urbi captae superesse. Ipse mea manu mortem inveniam!" Talia dicens fixus eodem loco haerebat, dum filius et parvus nepos omnisque domus multis cum lacrimis ei suadent 'ne omnes suos secum perderet!'

Aeneas vero, rursus armis sumptis, "Mene putas" inquit "te relicto pedem hinc efferre posse? Si tibi certum est Troiae periturae te tuosque adderre, patet ianua morti: iam aderit Pyrrhus sanguine Priami cruentus, qui filium coram patre, tum patrem ipsum ad aram obtruncavit! - Num ideo, mater carissima, per tela, per ignes me eripuisti, ut hostem in mediis aedibus, ut Ascanium puerum et patrem meum uxoremque alterum in alterius sanguine trucidatos cernam?

Arma viri, ferte arma! Vocat lux ultima victos.

Reddite me Danais! Sinite instaurata revisam

proelia! Numquam omnes hodie moriemur inulti!"

Sed coniunx pedes viri abeuntis complexa in limine haerebat parvumque Iulum patri ostendebat:

"Si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum!"

Talia exclamans omnem domum gemitu complebat - cum subito mirabile prodigium visum est: namque inter manus maestorum parentum lumen in summo Iulii capite apparuit, neque flamma puero nocebat! Parentes pavidi ignem aqua restinguere properant; at pater Anchises laetus Iovem invocat, subitosque fragore a laeva tonat, et simul stella de caelo lapsa multa cum luce per tenebras currit. Quae cum, quasi viam monstrans, post montem Idam occidisset, Anchises manus ad caelum tendens deos sic alloquitur:

"Iam iam nulla mora est, sequor et qua ducitis adsum,

di patrii! Servate domum, servate nepotem! ...

Cedo equidem nec, nate, tibi comes ire recuso."

Tum Aeneas, cum iam strepitus flammarum propius audiretur, "Ergo, care pater" inquit, "in umeros meos te imponam; ipse te portabo, nec mihi grave erit hoc onus. Parvum Iulum mecum ducam, et Creusa vestigia nostra sequetur. Vos, famuli, haec quae dicam animadvertite: extra urbem est tumulus et vetus templum Cereris, in eum locum omnes conveniemus. Tu, pater, cape sacra manu et deos Penates! Neque enim mihi fas est res sacras tangere priusquam manus caede cruentas flumine vivo lavero."

Creusa

Haec locutus pius Aeneas patrem in umeros sustilit et parvum filium manu tenens domo egressus est. Creusa eos sequebatur. Ita per tenebras vadunt, et Aeneam, quem dudum neque tela neque agmen Graecorum commovebat, nunc omnis aura, omnis sonus terret, cum pariter filio patrique timeat.

Iam portis appropinquabant atque salvi esse videbantur, cum Anchises per umbram prospiciens "Fuge, mi fili!" exclamat, "Hostes appropinquant. Clipeos atque gladios micantes cerno." Qua re perturbatus dum Aeneas celeriter e nota via discedit, Creusa incerta constitit neque maritum aberrantem sequi potuit. Nec prius ille respexit quam ad tumulum templumque Cereris pervenit.

Hic cum uxorem deesse videret, filio et patre et Penatibus apud socios relictis, ipse armatus in urbem revertit et eadem via qua venerat domum patriam repetivit; quam a Graecis captam et incensam invenit. Inde procedens regiam Priami et arcem revisit. Huc undique divitiae Troianae ex templis incensis ereptae conferebantur. Pueri et matres pavidae longo ordine circum stabant.

Aeneas autem per tenebras errans coniugem suam querebat; quin etiam clamare ausus est maestusque 'Creusam' iterum iterumque vocavit. Quod cum diu nequiquam fecisset, imago atque umbra ipsius Creusae viro stupenti apparet et his dictis eum consolatur: "Quid iuvat me lugere, o dulcis coniunx? Non sine numine deorum haec eveniunt, nec fas est te hinc comitem portare Creusam - rex Olympi hoc non sint. Diu per vista maria tibi navigandum est, et tandem in terram Hesperiam venies, ubi inter arva uberrima fluit Tiberis amnis: illic regnum tibi paratum est et regia coniunx. Noli mea causa lacrimas effundere!

Iamque vale, et nati serva communis amorem!"

Haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et multa volentem

dicere deseruit, tenuesque recessit in auras,

dum ille frustra imaginem eius effugientem amplecti ac manum comprehendere conatur.

Tum demum Aeneas, nocte iam consumpta, ad socios revertit. Atque ibi admirans sociorum novorum magnum numerum invenit, et virorum et feminarum, qui undique eo convenerent, ut duce Aenea in alias terras proficiscerentur. Quos omnes Aeneas postero die secum trans montes duxit.

VOCABVLA

iustitia
arvum
regnum
iuventus
dolus
moles
insania
machina
robur
anguis
clipeus
pavor
funis
frons
custos
somnium
barba
crinis
culmen
telum
sacra
gemitus
luctus
vinculum
species
aedes
turris
trabs
defensor
ululatus
laeva
coma
horror
nepos
prodigium
lumen
fragor
natus
onus
famulus
fas
aura
socius
numen
festus
profugus
benignus
diuturnus
suspectus
occultus
tener
sceleratus
supremus
amens
ineluctabilis
pavidus
infirmus
inutilis
saucius
caelestis
patrius
inultus
vastus
uber
regius
discumbere
fabricare
avehere
inspicere
decurrere
penetrare
immolare
attingere
erigere
corripere
amplecti
explicare
confugere
conclamare
contingere
sonare
praedicere
patefacere
demittere
gemere
ruere
flagrare
elabi
dominari
stringere
incitare
vadere
pandere
conicere
resonare
concidere
trucidare
egere
concedere
haerere
defigere
perfundere
fulgere
recusare
producere
efferre
obtruncare
instaurare
revisere
restinguere
tonare
tendere
alloqui
commovere
micare
respicere
repetere
conferre
comprehendere
penitus
undique
nequiquam
quondam
qua
dudum
pariter

VOCABULARY

justice
(plowed) field
kingdom, kingship, reign
youth, young men
guile, deceit, cunning
mass, bulk, effort
madness
machine
oak, strength, force
snake, serpent
round shield
terror, fright
rope
foliage, leaves
guardian, guard
dream
beard
hair
summit, peak, top, roof
spear, weapon
holy, sacred
groaning
grief, mourning
bond, chain
sight, appearance, shape, semblance, sort, species
temple, pl house
tower
beam, ship
defender
howling
left, f the left (hand)
hair
dread, horror
grandson
prodigy
light
crash
son
burden, load
servant, slave
divine law, right
breeze, wind
companion, partner, ally
divine will
holiday, festival
fleeing, m fugitive
kind, benevolent
long, prolonged
suspected, suspect
hidden, secret
tender, delicate
accursed, criminal
highest, soverign
out of one's mind, mad
inescapable, inevitable
terrified
lowest, the bottom of
useless
wounded
celestial, m pl gods
of the father, paternal
unavenged
huge, vast
fertile, rich
royal
to recline
forge, build, construct
carry off, pass go away
examine, inspect
run down
penetrate
sacrifice, immolate
touch, reach, arrive at, adjoin
lifet, erect, cheer
seize, rebuke
embrace, cling to
extricate, unfold, explain
flee for refuge
shout, cry out
touch, be close to, (+dat) be granted to, happen
sound
declare
open, reveal
let fall, drop, lower
graon (for)
rush, tumble down
burn
slip out, escape
be master, rule
draw, unsheathe
set in motion, stir up
advance, go
spread out
throw, put
resound
fall (down), collapse, kill, beat
slaughter
need
go (away), yield, give up, concede, allow
stick, cling
fix, thrust, paralyse
wet, drench, imbue, fill
flash, gleam
reject, refuse
bring forth, extend
carry/bring out, lift, elate, exult
slaughter, kill
renew
revisit, visit
put out, extinguish
thunder
stretch, spread, lay, make one's way, insist
speak to, address
move, excite, cause
flicker, flash
look back (at), heed, regard, have regard for
return to, repeat, claim back, recall
bring (together), carry, confer, compare, apply
seize, include
from within, deep, far
from all sides
to no effect, in vain
once, some day
which way, where
a little while ago
equally, together

CAPITVLVM DVODEQVADRAGESIMVM THIRTY-EIGHTH CHAPTER

PIVS AENEASRIGHTEOUS AENEAS

Ea quae secuta est hieme Troiani profugi sub monte Ida classem viginti navium aedificaverunt. Prima aestate pater Anchises naves deducere et ventis vela dare iubebat, atque Aeneas cum sociis filioque et dis Penatibus litora patriae reliquit et campos ubi Troia fuit.

Primum in Thraciam vecti sunt ibique in litore curvo novam urbem condere volebant.

Rex Thraciae amicus et socius fuerat Troianorum, dum fortuna fuit. Itaque Priamus, cum suas res desperaret, filium suum Polydorum in Thraciam miserat cum magno auri pondere: Sed rex ille infidus, cum fortunam Troianorum recedere videret, contra ius fasque Polydorum obrunctavit et auro vi potitus est. Quod cum troiani profugi cognovissent, cito e terra scelerata excedere constituerunt. Ergo ubi primum ventus secundus fuit, iterum in altum provecti sunt.

In medio mari Aegeo est insula Apollini sacra, nomine Delos.. Haec insula Troianos fessos tuto portu recepit, ibique deus Apollo, quem pius Aeneas in vetere templo adorabat, novam terram Troianis et posteris eorum pollicitus est.

Delo relicta Cretam petiverunt, cuius insulae magna pars ab incolis deserta erat. Navibus in litus subductis iuvenes Troiani iam novam urbem aedificabant et arva nova colebant, cum foeda pestilentia homines miseros afficere coepit, et simul sol flagrans agros siccos adeo torrebat ut nec herbam nec frumentum ferre possent.

Cum omnes his malis perturbarentur, di Penates, quos Aeneas secum Troia extulerat, noctu in somnis ei visi sunt ante lectum adstare in lumine lunae plenae atque his dictis consolari: "Nos qui te, Dardania incensa, per mare tumidum secuti sumus, nos iidem posteros tuos in caelum tollemus imperiumque urbi eorum dabimus. Tu longum fugae laborem ne recusaveris! Rursus mutanda est sedes, non licet tibi in hac terra considere. Est terra antiqua quam Graii 'Hesperiam', incolae ipsi 'Italiam' dicunt. Ea nobis sedes propria est, illam terram quaere! Age, surge et haec dicta laetus refer parenti tuo!"

Hoc somnio et voce divina stupefactus Aeneas e lecto se corripuit manusque ad caelum tendens deos precatus est. Quo facto patrem suum de re certiorem fecit, qui sine mora terram illam longinquam quaerendam esse censuit. Troiani igitur, paucis relictis, hanc quoque sedem deseruerunt et rursus vastum aequor classe percurrebant.

Mare Ionium

Postquam in altum provectae sunt naves nec iam ullae terrae apparebant, nimbus repentinus solem occultavit imbrem tempestatemque afferens. Continuo magni fluctus surgunt et naves per mare vastum iactantur. Palinurus, optimus gubernator, rectum cursum tenere non poterat neque diem noctemque discernere, cum nec sol interdiu nec stellae noctu apparerent. Tres dies totidemque noctes naves caecae errabant. quoad quarto die in litora Strophadum delatae sunt. (Strophades dicuntur duae parvae insulae in mari Ionio sitae.) Inde pulsi ab Harpyiis, monstris foedissimis quibus corpora volucrum, vultus virginium sunt, ad septentriones cursum tenuerunt. Notus vela implebat, naves celeriter per undas vehebantur quo ventus ferebat. Iam in medio mari apparebant insulae arduae Zacynthos Semeque et Itacha, regnum et patria Ulixis; mox etiam cernebatur Leucata, insulae Leucadiae promunturium nautis metuendum, in quo templum Apollinis situm est. Hunc locum Troiani fessi petiverunt. In terram egressi Iovi sacrificaverunt, quae Aeneas clipeum, quem cuidam hosti ademerat, ad fores templi fixit et hunc versum inscripsit:

Aeneas haec de Danais victoribus arma.

Tum socios portum linquere iussit, ac naves ab insula Leucadia praeter litora Epiri vectae protinus ad portum Buthroti urbis accesserunt.

Andromache et Helenus

Hic fama incredibilis iis allata est: Helenum, Priami filium, regno Epiri potitum esse atque Andromachen, viduam Hectoris, uxorem duxisse! Hac fama stupefactus Aeneas, cum a viro ipso certior fieri cuperet, classe in portu relicta ad urbem progrediebatur. Sed ante urbem Andromachen invenit, quae in luco sacrificabat Manesque Hectoris invocabat ad tumulum et duas aras quas ibi sacraverat. Ut Aeneam conspexit venientem et arma Troiana agnovit, re incredibili exterrita palluit animusque eam reliquit; labitur et post longum tempus tandem "Nate dea, vivisne?" inquit, "aut, si a mortuis revenis, dic mihi: Hector ubi est?" lacrimasque effudit et omnem locum clamore implevit. Aeneas turbatus paucis respondit: "Vivo equidem vitamque per maxima pericula servo. Ne dubitaveris! Sed quae fortuna te revisit, Hectoris Andromache?" Illa vultum demisit et parva voce locuta est: "se et Helenum Troia capta a Pyrrho in Epirum abductos esse; postea vero, cum Pyrrhus interfectus esset ab Oreste, Agamemnonis filio, Helenum Chaonia, parte Epiri extrema, potitum esse et se uxorem duxisse."

Dum haec narrat itemque de casu Aeneae et Ascanii pueri quaerit, ex urbe venit Helenus cum multis comitibus; qui cives suos laetus agnoscit eosque in urbem ad convivium magnificum invitat.

Priusquam inde digressus est, Aeneas a rege Heleno, qui divina mente numina Phoebi sentiebat, quaesivit 'quae pericula sibi vitanda essent?' Ille, immolatis ex more iuvencis, Aeneam ad Phoebi templum manu duxit, deinde divino ex ore haec fatus est: "Nate dea! Pauca tibi dicam, nam cetera fari vetat Iuno. Italia, quam tu iam propinquam esse reris, longo cursu abs te dividitur: prius circum Siciliam tibi navigandum est quam in illa terra urbem condere poteris. Haec Italiae litora quae nobis proxima sunt, effuge: cuncta oppida a malis Graecis habitantur. Sed ubi ventus ad oram Siculam te advexerit et fretum angustum a dextra patebit, laevam pete! Nam illud fretum duo monstra horrenda tenent, latus dextrum Scylla, laevum Charybdis, quae in imo gurgite latens raptas naves vastis fluctibus mergit; at Scylla, cui caput et pectus est virginis, venter lupi, cauda delphini, ex antro suo obscuro naves in saxa trahit. Praestat totam Siciliam longo cursu circumire quam semel Scyllam informem videre et saxa illa resonantia experiri. Praeterea hoc unum ante omnia te moneo: semper Iunonem primam adora atque illi deae potenti maxima sacrificia fac! Sic denique, Sicilia relicta, tutus in Italiam pervenies. Haec sunt quae mea voce licet te monere. Age, vade, et factis tuis Troiam ad caelum tolle!"

Quae postquam Helenus vates divino ore fatus est, dona magnifica ad naves ferri iussit. Item Andromache Ascanio vestem pretiosam, quam suis manibus confecerat, donavit.

Mons Aetna

Eo die Troiani iuxta Ceraunia promunturium vecti sunt, unde cursus brevissimus est in Italiam. Post solis occasum in litus egressi sunt et fessi somno se dederunt; sed media nocte Palinurus, cum ventum secundum caelumque serenum videret, signum proficiscendi dedit.

Iam aurora ab oriente rubebat, cum procul humiles colles apparuerunt. "Italia!" primus exclamat Achates, atque socii omnes laeto clamore Italiam salutant. Tum pater Anchises magnam pateram mero implevit atque in celsa puppi stans deos invocavit:

"Di maris et terrae tempestatumque potentes,

ferte viam vento facilem et spirate secundi!"

Iam velis plenis Italiae litori appropinquabant, templumque Minerva in arce apparebat. neque vero in terra illa Graecorum morati sunt, sed Iunoni sacrificiis factis praeter litora Italiae ad Siciliam versus navigaverunt.

Mox procul cernebatur mons Aetna, et simul a dextra audiebatur fragor quem saxa fluctibus pulsata edebant, atque in infima voragine apparebat fundus maris. "Nimirum haec est illa Charybdis" inquit Anchises, "Hos scopulos, haec saxa horrenda Helenus memorabat. O socii, eripite nos e periculo!" Primus Palinurus proram ad laevam vertit, et cuncta classis remis ventisque laevam petivit.

Inde, postquam sol occidit, fessi et ignari viae ad oram Cyclopum advecti sunt. Iuxta haec loca surgit Aetna, mons ingens, unde fumus flammaeque ad caelum eduntur, interdum etiam saxa lapidesque cum fragore horribili ab imo fundo emittuntur. Totam illam noctem Troiani perterriti in silvis latuerunt, cum causam tanti fragoris ignorarent.

Postero die paulo ante solis ortum vir ignotus extrema fame confectus e silvis processit atque supplex manus ad litus extendit; barbam horrentem gerebat et sordidam scissamque vestem - at Graecus erat, quondam armatus adversus Troiam missus. Ubi vestimenta et arma Troiana procul agnovit, paulum exterritus restitit, sed mox ad litus se contulit cum fletu precibusque: "Per deos duperos vos oro, Teucri, hinc tollite me! In quascumque terras abducite! Hoc satis est! Faetor me cum ceteris Graecis Ilium bello petivisse, quam ob rem, si tantum est scelus meum, iacite me in fluctus!

Si pereo, hominum manibus periisse iuvabit!"

Hoc audiens ipse pater Anchises iuveni supplici dextram dedit eumque interrogavit 'quis esset?' et 'unde veniret?' Ille, victo tandem terrore, haec respondit: "Ex patria Ithaca Troiam profectus sum comes infelicis Ulixis. Hic me socii, dum trepidi fugiunt, in vasto Cyclops antro deseruerunt. Monstrum infandum est Cyclops ille nomine Polyphemus, qui carne et sanguine hominum miserorum vescitur! Egomet vidi eum in medio antro iacentem duos de nostro numero manu prehensos ad saxumfrangere ac membra eorum cruenta devorare! Nec vero talia passus est Ulixes, nam cum Polyphemus carne vinoque impletus per antrum iaceret, nos longam hastam acutam in oculo eius, quem solum in media fronte habebat, defiximus: ita tandem socios necatos ubi sumus. - Sed fugite, o miseri, fugite ac funes navium incidite! Nam qualis Polyphemus tales centum alii Cyclopes infandi ad haec curva litora habitant et in altis montibus errant."

Vix haec dixerat, cum ipsum Polyphemum pastorem caecum inter pecudes suas ambulantem viderunt et litora nota petentem -

monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum!

Postquam ad mare venit,. vulnus magno cum gemitu lavit. Troiani vero celeriter funes inciderunt et naves remis incitaverunt. Hoc sensit Polyphemus, sed cum eos capere non posset, clamorem horribilem sustulit,quo mare et terrae contremuerunt atque penitus resonuit mons cavus. Cyclopes e silvis et altis montibus ad litora concurrerunt, unde singulis oculis Troianos e conspectu abeuntes prospiciebant.

Troiani profugi, postquam Pachynum et Lilybaeum promunturia circumventi sunt, tandem sub monte Eryce portum Drepani petiverunt, ubi a rege Acesta benigne recepti sunt. Hic Aeneas genitorem Anchisen amisit, ille enim confectus aetate e vita excessit - nequiquam ex tantis periculis ereptus.

Aeneas, postquam ossa patris in monte Eryce sepelivit, ex Sicilia atque a sepulcro genitoris digressus est.

VOCABVLA

aurōra, ae (f.)
patera, ae (f.)
pestilentia, ae (f.)
unda, ae (f.)
vidua, ae (f.)
antrum, ī (n.)
fūmus, ī (m.)
iuvencus, ī (m.)
lūcus, ī (m.)
nimbus, ī (m.)
posterī, ōrum (m. pl.)
scopulus, ī (m.)
sepulcrum, ī (n.)
aequor, is (n.)
genitor, ōris (m.)
gurges, itis (m.)
lapis, idis (m.)
pondus, eris (n.)
terror, ōris (m.)
vātēs, is (m./f.)
volucris, is (f.)
flētus, ūs (m.)
occāsus, ūs (m.)
ortus, ūs (m.)
adstāre
invitāre
moror, morārī, morātus sum
praestāre
praestat
sacrificāre
exterreō, exterrēre, exterruī, exterritum
reor, rērī, ratum
torreō, torrēre, torruī, tostum
āgnōscō, āgnōscere, āgnōvī, āgnōtum
circumvehor, circumvehī, circumvectum
concurrō, concurrere, concurrī, concursum
condō, condere, condidī, conditum
contremēscō, contremēscere, contremuī
dīgredior, dīgredī, dīgressum
discernō, discernere, discrēvī, discrētum
ēdō, ēdere, ēdidī, ēditum
ēmittō, ēmittere, ēmīsī, ēmissum
excēdō, excēdere, excessī, excessum
incīdō, incīdere, incīdī, incīsum
linquō, linquere, līquī
pallēscō, pallēscere, palluī
prōvehō, prōvehere, prōvēxī, prōvectum
subdūcō, subdūcere, subdūxī, subductum
vescor, vescī
experior, experīrī, expertum
potior, potīrī, potītum
sepeliō, sepelīre, sepelīvī, sepultum
circumeō, circumīre, circumiī / circumivī, circumitum
dēferō, dēferre, dētulī, dēlātum
cavus, a, um
curvus, a, um
extrēmus, a, um
infandus, a, um
longinquus, a, um
repentīnus, a, um
stupefactus, a, um
trepidus, a, um
tumidus, a, um
horribilis, e
incrēdibilis, e
īnfōrmis, e
potēns (gen. potēntis)
supplex (gen. supplicis)
adeō
citō
interdiū
nīmīrum
noctū
quoad
totidem
egomet
quīcumque, quae, quod
certiōrem facere
sē cōnferre

VOCABULARY

dawn
bowl
plague, pestilence
wave
widow
cave, cavern
smoke
young bull, bullock
sacred grove
rain cloud
posterity, descendants
rock
tomb, grave
level surface, sea
father
whirlpool, flood
stone, milestone
weight
fright, terror
prophet(ess), seer
bird
weeping
setting
rising, sunrise, origin
to stand by
to invite, entertain
to delay, stay, stop
to furnish, fulfill, surpass
it is better
to make a sacrifice
to scare, terrify
to reckon, think, believe
to scorch, parch
to recognize
to go around, travel around
to hurry together, clash
to put, found, hide, close
to tremble, quake
to depart
to distinguish
to emit, bring forth, make
to send out, emit, utter
to go away, depart
to cut into
to leave
to grow pale
to carry forward, convey
to draw up, beach, lead off
to feed on, eat (+ abl.)
to try, experience
to get possession of (+ abl.)
to bury
to go around / about, outflank
to carry, bring, report, confer, denounce
hollow
curved, crooked, bent
outermost, utmost, last
horrible, unspeakable
remote
sudden
amazed, stupified
alarmed, in panic
swollen
horrible, terrifying
incredible, unbelievable
unshapely, ugly
powerful, master(ing)
suppliant
to such a degree, so, too
quickly
by day
without doubt, evidently
by night, at night
until
as many
I (myself)
whoever, whatever, any
inform
to betake oneself, go

CAPITVLVM VNDEQVADRAGESIMVM THIRTY-NINTH CHAPTER

KARTHAGOCARTHAGE

Urbs antiqua fuit, Karthago, in ora Africae contra Italiam sita, dives atque bellicosa. Hanc urbem Iuno magis aliis omnibus dilexisse dicitur, hoc regnum omnium gentium esse volebat. Sed audiverat genus a Troiano sanguine ortum olim arcem Karthaginis expugnaturum esse. Id metuens et memor veteris belli quod ad Troiam pro caris Argis gesserat (nondum oblita erat causam irae ac doloris: iudicium Paridis, qui Venerem deam pulcherrimam esse iudicaverat), Troianos per mare totum iactatos longe a Latio arcebat. Itaque fatis acti multos iam annos circum omnia maria errabant.

Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem!

Vix e conspectu Siciliae in altum vela dabant laeti, cum Iuno, aeternum vulnus sub pectore servans, haec secum: "Mene regem Teucrorum ab Italia avertere non posse? Nonne Minerva classem Graecorum ventis disicere atque submergere potuit ob unius Aiacis scelus? At ego, deorum regina Iovisque et soror et coniunx, una cum gente tot annos bellum gero!" Talia animo incenso secum cogitans dea in Aeoliam, nimborum patriam, venit. Hic rex Aeolus in vasto antro ventos tempestatesque in vinculis tenet; ipse rex in celsa arce sedet sceptrum tenens. Quem tum Iuno supplex oravit ut classem Aeneae submergeret aut disceret - et simul ei Nympham suam forma pulcherrimam uxorem promisit!

Tempestas

Aeolus, ubi haec audivit, cavum montem hasta impellit, ac venti velut agmine facto ex antro ruunt: Eurus Notusque et Africus terras mariaque turbant et vastos fluctus ad litora volvunt. Subito nubes atrae caelum occultant atque crebra fulgura cum tonitru in tenebris micant. Omnia mortem praesntem nautis ostendunt.

Statim Aeneas manus frigore rigentes ad caelum tendens exlclamat: "O viri beati, quibus in patria sub altis Troiae moenibus licuit occidere! Utinam ego quoque in campis Iliacis animam pro patria effudissem!" Dum talia verba iactat, rapida procella vela scindit fluctusque ad caelum tollit. Franguntur remi, tum prora aversa latus fluctibus pulsatur. Naves aliae summo fluctu tolluntur, aliae inter fluctus fundum attingunt! Tres in saxa latentia abripiuntur, tres ab alto in vada feruntur, unam ante ipsius Aeneae oculos ingens fluctus in puppim ferit atque ter circumagit, tum rapidus vertex eam vorat.

Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto...

Interea Neptunus, cum pontum tanta tempestate misceri sentiret, graviter commotus caput ex summa unda extulit et prospiciens classem Aeneae per totum aequor disiectam vidit. Tum Eurum Zephyrumque ad se vocavit et sic fatus est: "Iamne audetis, venti, sine meo numine caelum terramque miscere et tantas tempestates excitare? Ego vos...! Sed praestat motos fluctus sedare. Properate domum regique vestro haec dicite: non illi datum esse imperium ponti saevumque tridentem, sed mihi!" Sic ait, et dicto citius aequor tumidum sedavit, nubes collectas dispulit solemque reduxit.

Fessi Aeneadae proxima litora petentes ad oras Africae cursum vertunt. Est in sinu longo locus ubi insula portum tutum efficit inter duos scopulos quibus frangitur omnis fluctus. Huc Aeneas naves septem quae ex omni numero supersunt colligit, ac Troiani e navibus egressi magno cum gaudio fessa corpora in litore sternunt. Ac primum Achates ignem facit et socii cibo egentes frumentum umidum flammis torrent.

Aeneas interea scopulum conscendit et late in mare prospexit: navis in conspectu nulla erat, sed tres cervos in litore errantes vidit, quos grex longo agmine sequebatur. Celeriter arcum sagittasque manu corripuit, quae tela gerebat fidus Achates, et primum ipsos duces gregis stravit, tum omnem gregem in silvam egit, nec prius destitit quam septem ingentia corpora humi iacebant. Hinc portum repetivit et praedam omnibus sociis partitus est. Vinum deinde, quod iis a litore Siciliae abeuntibus dederat bonus Acestes, divisit, et his dictis maestos consolatus est:

"O socii - neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum -
o passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem.
Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantes
accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopia saxa
experti. Revocate animos maestumque timorem
mittite! Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit!
Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum
tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas
ostendunt: illic fas regna resurgere Troiae.
Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis!"

Ita loquitur, et maximis curis aeger vultu spem simulat. Illi autem, postquam cibo et vino vires restituerunt, multum de sociis amissis loquuntur inter spem metumque dubii, utrum eos vivere credant an iam periisse.

Venus genetrix

Postero die, ut primum lux orta est, pius Aeneas exire constituit et nova loca explorare atque quaerere qui homines incolerent. Classem sub rupe in umbra arborum occultat; ipse uno Achate comitatus graditur duo tela manu gerens. Cui mater Venus in media silva obviam iit vestem et arma virginis venantis gerens, ac prior "Heus" inquit "iuvenes! Vidistisne forte sororem meam hic errantem aut vestigia apri fugientis sequentem?" Ad haec Veneris filius "Sororem tuam" inquit "neque audivi neque vidi, o ... - quam te appellem? - o, dea certe, nam vultus tibi haud mortalis est nec vox humana sonat. Forsitan ipsa Diana sis, ad una e genere Nympharum? Quaecumque es, sis nobis felix et doceas nos quo sub caelo et quibus in oris versemur; namque ignari et hominum et locorum erramus, postquam vento et fluctibus huc acti sumus. Multas hostias ante aras tibi immolabimus!"

Tum Venus "Equidem" inquit "tali honore me haud dignam puto. Virgo Karthaginiensis sum; nobis mos est arcum sagittasque gestare et in silvis venari. In oram Libyae venisti, in regnum Didonis reginae, quae Tyro, ex urbe Phoenices, huc profecta est fratrem improbum fugiens. Huic coniunx erat Sychaeus, divitissimus Phoenicum. Regnum autem Tyri habebat frater Didonis Pygmalion, rex impius atque scelestus. Ille auri cupidus Sychaeum ante aram clam necavit factumque diu celavit et multa simulans viduam maestam falsa spe elusit. Sed in somnis Didoni apparuit imago coniugis mortui, qui mirum in modum os pallidum tollens aram cruentam et pectus suum vulneratum nudavit et scelus regis omne patefecit; tum uxori suasit ut celeriter ex patria excederet, et simul veteres thesauros occultos, ignotum pondus auri et argenti, monstravit. Hoc somnio commota Dido fugam clam parare coepit una cum iis qui tyrannum crudelem oderant aut metuebant. Naves quae forte paratae erant corripiunt onerantque auro, et avari Pygmalionis opes per mare avehuntur, femina duce. In haec loca Tyrii devenerunt, ubi nunc ingentia moenia arcemque novae Karthaginis surgentem cernes. - Sed vos qui tandem estis? aut quibus ab oris venistis? quove iter facitis?"

Ad haec Aeneas respondit: "O dea, si a prima origine repentes labores nostros narrem, ante vesperum finem non faciam! Nos Troia antiqua - si forte ad aures vestras Troiae nomen pervenit - per multa maria vectos tandem in oram Libyae tempestas appulit. Sum pius Aeneas, qui Penates ex hoste raptos mecum classe veho Italiam novam patriam quaerens. Viginti navibus profectus sum, quarum vix septem e tempestate supersunt. Ipse ignotus egens, per Libyam erro ex Europa atque Asia pulsus..."

Hic eum querentem Venus interpellavit: "Quicumque es, dis caelestibus carus esse videris, qui ad urbem Karthaginem adveneris. Perge modo atque hinc te confer ad limen reginae! Namque tibi nuntio socios tuos salvos esse classemque relatam et in tutum locum actam versis Aquilonibus Perge modo quo te ducit via!"

Cum his verbis se avertens divino decore fulsit. Ille ubi matrem agnovit, fugientem talibus verbis incusat: "O mater crudelis! Quid toties filium falsis eludis imaginibus? Cur dextras iungere non licet ac vere colloqui?"

At Venus Aeneam et Achaten gradientes nebula circumfudit, ne quis eos cernere neu contingere posset. Ipsa Paphum in insulam Cyprum abiit, ubi templum illi est, sedemque suam laeta revisit.

Dido regina

Interea Aeneas et Achates celeriter progressi quo via ducit iam magnum collem scadunt qui urbi Karthagini imminet. Inde despiciens Aeneas magnitudinem urbis novae miratur atque civium industriam: quorum pars muros ducit, pars arcem exstruit et manibus saxa volvit; hic portum alii faciunt, hic magni theatri fundamenta locant alii ingentesque columnas e rupibus efficiunt.

"O fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt!"

ait Aeneas alta urbis tecta suspiciens, ac nebula cinctus (mirabile dictu!) in urbem penetrat per medios homines ambulans neque ab ullo cernitur.

In media urbe Dido regina magnificum templum Iunoni aedificabat. Hic primum, nova re oblata, Aeneas aedificabat. Hic primum, nova re oblata, Aeneas salutem sperare ausus est et rebus suis melius confidere: nam reginam opperiens, dum in ingenti templo singula opera lustrat, vidit imagines belli Troiani ordine pictas.

Constitit lacrimans "Quis iam locus" inquit, "Achate,
quae regio in terris nostri non plena laboris?
En Priamus. Sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi,
sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt.
Solve metus: feret haec aliquam tibi fama salutem!"

Sic ait atque oculos imaginibus pictis pascebat gemens lacrimisque vultum perfudit. Namque videbat Graecos et Troianos bellantes, hic Graecos fugientes, cum a Troianis premerentur, hic Troianos, cum saevus Achilles instaret curru; in alia parte videbatur Troilus, Priami filius infelix, armis amissis ab Achille fugiens, in alia parte Achilles qui corpus Hectoris mortuum auro vendebat; tum vero magnum gemitum dat ut conspexit arma, currum atque ipsum corpus amici Priamumque manus inermes tendentem. Se quoque cum principibus Graecis pugnantem agnovit, atque Panthesileam, virginem bellantem, quae agmen Amazonum ducebat.

Haec miranda dum Aeneas intuetur, dum stupet et fixus in loco haeret, Dido regina, forma pulcherrima, ad templum incessit magna iuvenum caterva comitata. Qualis Diana, cum in ripis aut per montes mille Nymphas ducit ipsa super omnes eminens, talis erat Dido, talis laeta inter cives gradiebatur. Tum ante fores templi in solio alto consedit. Leges Poenis dabat atque opera facienda aeque partiebatur - cum subito Aeneas quosdam socios suos accedere vidit, quos tempestas dispulerat et in alias avexerat!

Qui postquam ad reginam adducti sunt, Ilioneus, maximus eorum, sic orsus est: "O regina! Miseri Troiani, ventis per omnia maria vecti, te oramus ne nos ab oris Africae arceas. Non venimus ut praedam faciamus - non tanta vis nec tanta superbia victis est. Troia profugi Hesperiam sive Italiam, terram antiquam, petebamus, cum turbidus Auster nos disiecit atque paucos nostrum huc ad vestras oras compulit. Rex nobis erat Aeneas, quo nemo iustior fuit nec magis pius nec bello fortior; quem si di vivum servant, certe pro beneficiis gratiam tibi referet, nec te panitebit nobis auxilium tulisse. Hoc tantum oramus ut nobis liceat classem subducere et naves fractas reficere. Si regem et socios salvos invenerimus, laeti Italiam petumus; sin ille fluctibus periit, at in Siciliam saltem, unde huc advecti sumus, ad regem Acesten nos dimitte!"

Tum breviter Dido vultu demisso fatur:

"Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Troiae nesciat urbem
virtutesque virosque aut tanti incendia belli?
Non obtunsa adeo gestamus pectora Poeni.
Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva
sive Erycis fines regemque optatis Acesten,
auxilio tutos dimittam opibusque iuvabo.
Vultis et his mecum pariter considere regnis?
Urbem quam statuo, vestra est. Subducite naves!
Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodem
afforet Aeneas! Equidem per litora certos
dimittam et Libyae lustrare extrema iubebo,
si quibus eiectus silvis aut urbibus errat."

His dictis erecti Aeneas et Achates e nube circumfusa erumpere cupiebant. Prior Aeneam appellat Achates: "Quid nunc sentis, Aenea? Videsne omnia tuta esse et classem sociosque servatos, ut dixit mater tua?"

Vix ea locutus erat, cum repente scinditur nubes et in aera effunditur. Restitit Aeneas in clara luce fulgens, deo similis: namque ipsa Venus filio suo decorem mirabilem donaverat. Tum sic reginam alloquitur: "Coram adsum quem quaeritis, Aeneas Troianus, ab undis Libycis ereptus. O regina, quae sola infandos Troiae abores miserata es, quae nos domo profugos atque omnium rerum egentes in urbem tuam socios recipis, gratias dignas tibi agere non possumus - di tibi praemia digna ferant! Dum fluvii in maria current, dum sidera in caelum surgent, semper honos tuus laudesque manebunt, quaecumque terrae me vocant." Sic fatus Ilioneo aliisque amicis dextram dedit.

Dido cum Aeneam ipsum coram aspiceret, primum obstupuit, deinde sic locuta est: "Tune ille Aeneas quem Anchises et Venus genuerunt? Iam pridem mihi notus est casus urbis Troiae nomenque tuum.

Quare agite, o tectis, iuvenes, succedite nostris!
Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores
iactatam hac demum voluit consistere terra.
Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco."

Haec memorans Aeneam in regiam ducit. Interea ad socios in litore relictos munera ampla mittit: viginti tauros, centum sues totidemque agnos cum matribus. At in regia magnificum convivium apparatur: triclinium splendide ornatur, veste picta purpuraque Tyria sternuntur lecti, mensae vasis argenteis atque aureis teguntur.

Aeneas autem ad naves praemittit Achaten, qui Ascanio haec nuntiet eumque in urbem ducat. Praeterea munera pretiosissima afferri iubet: vestem signis auroque rigentem, quam Helena secum tulerat, atque ornamenta pulcherrima, quae olim gesserat filia Priami maxima.

Cupido

At Venus nova consilia in animo versat: ut Cupido, facie mutata, pro Ascanio veniat atque reginam amore incendat! Ille dicto carae genetricis paret et in faciem Ascanii mutatus laetus incendit regia dona portans. Cum in aedes venit, regina iam in lecto medio accubuit, iam pater Aeneas et iuvenes Troiani super toros purpura stratos discumbunt. Centum ministri totidemque ministrae mensas onerant dapibus et pocula ponunt. Etiam Tyrii frequentes conveniunt et in toris pictis iubentur discumbere; mirantur dona Aenea et falsi Iulii decorem divinum. Praecipue infelix Phoenissa puero tuendo incenditur. Ille ubi Aeneam complexus est, reginam petit; quae puerum osculatur et in gremium suum accipit, inscia quantus deus in gremio sedeat! At Cupido paulatim Sychaeum e memoria Didonis abolere incipit et animum eius vivo amore accendere temptat.

Postquam mensae remotae sunt, optima vina apponuntur. Fit strepitus et voces per ampla atria resonant. Lucernae accensae de tecto aurato pendent et faces ardentes noctem flammis vincunt. Hic regina pateram auream gemmatam poposcit implevitque mero, tum silentio in regia facto Iovem precata est ut ille dies Tyriis Troianisque felix esset, itemque Bacchum et Iunonem invocavit. Quo facto vinum in mensam libavit et prima ex paterabibit, deinde ex ordine aliis dedit. Interea Iopas, fidicen nobilissimus, cantu suo mirabili Tyrios Troianosque pariter delectabat.

Sed infelix Dido noctem vario sermone trahebat,

multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa:
"Immo, age, et a prima dic, hospes, origine nobis
insidias" inquit "Danaum casusque tuorum
erroresque tuos. Nam te iam septima portat
omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas."

[Hinc incipit Aeneidis liber II:]
Conticuere omnes intentique ora tenebant.
Inde toro pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto:
"Infandum, regina, iubes renovare dolorem...
Sed si tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros
et breviter Troiae supremum audire laborem,
quamquam anmus meminisse horret luctuque refugit,
incipiam."

Tum intentis omnibus narravit quae ipse viderat: ut Graeci Troiam insidiis cepissent atque incendissent, ut ipse cum patre et filio ex urbe flagranti fugisset et fato pulsus per maria erravisset. Postquam funus patri in Sicilia factum memoravit, conticuit tandem atque hic fine facto quieti se dedit.

VOCABVLA

caterva, ae
hostia, ae
industria, ae
īnsidiae, ārum (pl.)
ministra, ae
nebula, ae
praeda, ae
procella, ae
purpura, ae
rēgīna, ae
superbia, ae
Āfricus, ī
aper, aprī
Auster, trī
cervus, ī
Eurus, ī
fundāmentum, ī
iūdicium, ī
pontus, i
scēptrum, ī
solium, ī
thēsaurus, ī
torus, ī
vadum, ī
Aquilō, ōnis (m.)
dapēs, um (f. pl.)
dēcor, ōris (m.)
discrīmen, inis (n.)
error, ōris (m.)
fax, facis (f.)
fūnus, eris (n.)
honōs / honor, honōris (m.)
quiēs, ētis (f.)
rūpēs, is (f.)
sīdus, eris (n.)
sūs, suis (m./f.)
tridēns, entis (m.)
vertex, icis (m.)
rabiēs, ēī (f.)
apparāre
bellāre
cēlāre
dūrāre
explōrāre
gestāre
incūsāre
īnstāre
lībāre
lūstrāre
miseror, miserārī, miserātum
nāre
nūdāre
onerāre
sēdāre
simulāre
temptāre
vēnor, vēnārī, vēnātum
versāre
aboleō, abolēre, abolēvī, abolitum
arceō, arcēre, arcuī
immineō, imminēre
paeniteō, paenitēre, paenituī
pendeō, pendēre, pependī
rigeō, rigēre
abripiō, abripere, abripuī, abreptum
addūcō, addūcere, addūxī, adductum
appellō, appellere, appulī, appulsum
circumagō, circumagere, circumēgī, circumāctum
circumfundō, circumfundere, circumfūdī, circumfūsum
colligō, colligere, collēgī, collēctum
compellō, compellere, compulī, compulsum
conticēscō, conticēscere, conticuī
disiciō, disicere, disiēcī, disiectum
dispellō, dispellere, dispulī, dispulsum
ēlūdō, ēlūdere, ēlūsī, ēlūsum
gignō, gignere, genuī, genitum
gradior, gradī, gressum
impellō, impellere, impulī, impulsum
incēdō, incēdere, incessī, incessum
obstupēscō, obstupēscere, obstupuī
pingō, pingere, pīnxī, pictum
praemittō, praemittere, praemīsī, praemissum
resurgō, resurgere, resurrēxī, resurrēctum
scandō, scandere, scandī, scānsum
succēdō, succēdere, successī, successum
succurrō, succurrere, succurrī, succursum
volvō, volvere, volvī, volūtum
dēveniō, dēvenīre, dēvēnī, dēventum
feriō, ferīre
ōrdior, ōrdīrī, ōrsum
bellicōsus, a, um
fortūnātus, a, um
impius, a, um
īnscius, a, um
intentus, a, um
obtūnsus, a, um
crēber, bra, brum (ris, re)
egēns (gen. egentis)
memor (gen. memoris)
vōsmet
clam
forsan
obviam
paulātim
saltem

VOCABULARY

band, troop, crowd
sacrificial animal
hard work, industry
ambush, plot, wiles
female servant
mist, fog
booty, prey
violent wind, gale
purple
queen
arrogance, pride
southwest wind
wild boar
south wind
stag, deer
southeast wind
foundation
judgment, trial, court
sea
scepter
throne
treasure, treasury
bed, couch
ford, shallows
north (northeast) wind
feast, meal, food
beauty, grace
distinction, grave danger
wandering, error
torch
funeral, death
honor, high office
rest, repose, sleep
crag, rock
star, heavenly body
pig
trident
whirlpool, peak, pole
rage, fury
to prepare, arrange
to wage war, fight
to conceal (from)
to harden, hold out, last
to reconnoiter, investigate
to carry, wear
to reproach, accuse
to press, urge, insist
to make a libation, pour
to irradiate, purify, survey
to feel sorry for, pity
to swim
to bare, leave unprotected
to load
to allay, appease, calm
to imitate, copy, pretend
to try (to influence), attack
to hunt
to turn over, ponder
to efface, obliterate
to keep away
to overhang, be imminent
to regret, repent
to hang
to be stiff
to drag away, carry off
to lead, bring (to)
to drive, bring (to)
to cause to turn around
to pour, spread around
to gather, collect
to drive together, compel
to fall silent
to scatter, break up
to drive apart
to elude, escape; to deceive, mock
to beget, create, bear
to walk, step, proceed
to strike, drive, compel
to walk, advance, occur
to be astounded / stunned
to paint, embroider
to send in advance
to rise again, be restored
to climb, mount
to enter, succeed, follow
to (run to) help
to roll, turn (over), ponder
to come to, arrive
to strike, hit, kill
to begin (to speak)
warlike
lucky, fortunate
impious
not knowing, unaware
intent, attentive
blunt, dull
frequent, numerous
poor, needy
mindful, reminding
you, yourselves
secretly
perhaps, maybe
(go to) meet, oppose, in the way
gradually, little by little
at least, anyhow

CAPITVLVM QVADRAGESIMVM FORTIETH CHAPTER

INFELIX DIDOUNLUCKY DIDO

At regina iam caeco amore flagrat. Magna viri virtus et gentis honos in animo versatur, vultus verbaque haerent fixa in pectore, neque cura membris placidam quietem dat.

But the queen was already burning with blind love. The great virtue of the man and the honor of his race turned over and over in her mind, his face and words stayed fixed in her soul, and no thought gives her limbs peaceful rest.

Prima luce Annam sororem sic alloquitur: "Anna soror! Qualis hospes tectis nostris successit, quam nobilis, quam fortis! Equidem non dubito quin dea natus sit. Heu, quam ille fatis iactatus est! Quae bella exhausta narrabat! Nisi certum mihi esset nulli viro coniugio me iungere, postquam primus amor me morte fefellit, huius unius amori forsitan succumbere potui! Fateor enim, Anna: post mortem miseri Sychaei coniugis hic solus animum meum flexit - agnosco veteris vestigia flammae! Sed velim prius terra me devoret vel Iuppiter me fulmine percutiat, quam pudorem solvo aut fidem fallo!

At dawn she spoke thus to her sister Anna: "Sister Anna! What a guest advanced under our roof, what nobility, what strength! Indeed I do not doubt that he is the son of a goddess. O, how he was thrown by fate! What accomplished wars he spoke of! If it were not certain that I would not marry any man, after my first love failed me in death, perhaps I could succumb to the love of this one! I admit it Anna: after the death of poor Sychaeus this alone bends my soul - I recognize the trace of the old flame! But first I want the earth to devore me or may Jupiter strike me with lightning, rather that I lose my shame or my faith may fail!

Ille meos, primus qui me sibi iunxit, amores
abstulit; ille habeat secum servetque sepulcro!"

Him my love, he took away who first joined with me;
he shall keep him with him and guard his tomb!"

Ad haec Anna "O soror mea dilecta!" inquit, "Solone maerens aetatem ages? Nec dulces liberos nec Veneris dona noveris? Credisne cinerem aut Manes sepultos fidem nostram curare? Iure quidem antea reges Libyae te petentes dimisisti - etiamne placito amori repugnabis? Nonne tibi in mentem venit qui hostes nos cingant: Gaetuli Numidaeque, gentes invictae, et frater tuus Pygmalion, qui Tyro bellum minatur? Equidem reor numine deorum naves Troianas huc cursum tenuisse. Quanta erit potentia Poenorum, quanta gloria tua, soror, si cum duce Troianorum te coniunxeris! Tu modo sacrificiis a dis veniam pete!

His dictis animum sororis amore inflammavit et menti dubiae spem dedit atque pudorem solvit. Primo templa adeunt, ut a dis veniam petant: multas hostias Cereri, Phoebo Liberoque immolant et ante omnes Iunoni, cui coniugia curae sunt. Sed quid sacrificia mulierem furentem iuvant? Vulnus sub pectore vivit, flamma amoris uritur infelix Dido. Nunc per mediam urbem Aeneam secum ducit et opes suas urbemque novam ostentat. Loqui incipit - et in medio sermone consistit. Nunc novum convivium hospiti suo parat, iterumque labores Troianorum audire poscit. Postquam media nocte digressi sunt ceteri, ea sola in domo vacua maeret lectoque Aeneae delicto incumbit: illum absentem et audit et videt.

Fama velox

Aeneas autem una cum Didone venatum ire parat. Prima luce regina progreditur Poenis principibus comitata, ac simul Aeneas cum agmine Troianorum exit. Postquam in altos montes ventum est, caprae ferae de saxis desiliunt et cervi campos et valles cursu petunt. At puer Ascanius acri equo vectus iam eos praeterit aprum aut leonem quaerens.

Interea caelum tonitru misceri incipit; insequitur imber grandine mixtus, et Tyrii et Troiani undique tecta petunt, dum amnes de montibus ruunt. Dido et dux Troianus in eandem speluncam deveniunt, ducente Iunone. Ille dies malorum reginae atque mortis prima causa fuit. neque enim famam respicit Dido, neque iam amorem suum celare conatur: 'coniugium' vocat, hoc nomine se excusat...

Extemplo Fama per urbes Libyae it, Fama qua non aliud malum ullum velocius est - monstrum horrendum, ingens, cui, quot sunt plumae in corpore, tot vigiles oculi sunt, tot linguae, tot aures. Haec tum vario sermone aures hominum complebat gaudens, et pariter vera ac falsa narrabat: 'Aeneam Troia venisse, cum quo viro pulchra Dido concubuisset; eos nunc regni oblitos in luxu hiemem agere, turpi cupidine captos!'

Nuntius deorum

Iuppiter vero, ubi haec audivit, Mercurium sic alloquitur et haec mandat: "Age vade, fili, et defer mea dicta per auras ad ducem Dardanium, qui nunc Karthagine moratur neque fatorumpromissa respicit. Non ideo genetrix pulcherrima illum ab armis Graiorum bis servavit, sed ut Italiam regeret et posteri eius Romani totum orbem sub leges subicerent. Si ipse tantarum rerum gloria non accenditur, num Ascanio filio pater regnum invidet? Quid struit? aut qua spe in gente inimica moratur? Naviget! Hoc est mandatum nostrum!"

Mercurius statim patris imperio paret: alas pedibus nectit atque avi similis volat inter terras caelumque ad litus Africae. Ut primum terram alatis pedibus tetegit, Aeneam novam arcem aedificantem conspexit. Erat illi ensis gemmis fulgens et amictus ex Tyria purpura, munera Didonis. Continuo Mercurius "Tu nunc" inquit "uxorius altae Karthaginis fundamenta locas pulchramque urbem exstruis, oblitus regni rerumque tuarum! Ipse rex deorum de claro Olympo me demisit, ipse haec mandata ad te ferre iussit: Quid struis? aut qua spe in terris Libycis moraris? Si te non movet tanta gloria futura, at respice Ascanium filium, cui regem Italiae debetur!" Haec locutus deus ex oculis Aeneae in tenues auras evanuit.

Aeneas vero obmutuit amens, tanto imperio deorum attonitus. Heu, quid agat? quibus nunc verbis audeat reginam adire furentem? unde ordiatur? Ita animum dubium nunc huc nunc illuc in varias partes versat. Postremo Troianos principes advocat iisque mandat ut classem clam ornent, arma parent sociosque ad litora cogant. Qui omnes laeti imperio parent.

At regina - quis amantem fallere potest? - dolum praesensit; namque Fama ei detulit 'armari classem cursumque parari.' Saeva atque amens Aeneam his verbis appellat: "Quid? Sperasne, perfide hospes, te tantum nefas dissimulare posse et mea terra clam decedere? Ergo nec noster amor nec dextra data te tenet nec Dido crudeliter moritura? Quin etiam hiberno tempore classem ornas et per medios Aquilones navigare properas! Mene fugis? Ego per has lacrimas, per dextram tuam, per conubium nostrum te oro: si quid bene de te merui, aut si tibi dulce fuit quidquam meum, miserere mei et muta istam mentem! Propter te gentes Libyae me oderunt atque Tyrii mihi infensi sunt, propter te pudorem et famam exstinxi. Cui me moribundam deseris? Quid moror? an dum frater Pygmalion mea moenia destruat aut Iarbas, rex Gaetulorum, captam me abducat? Si saltem infantem de te heberem, si qui parvulus Aeneas in aula mea luderet qui memoriam tui referret, non omnino deserta viderer...".

Dum illa loquitur, Aeneas curam suam diligenter dissimulabat nec oculos demisit. Tandem paucis respondit: "Numquam, regina, negabo te bene meritam esse de me, nec me paenitebit tui meminisse, dum memoria mihi est, dum animam duco! Pro re pauca loquar: Neque ego speravi hanc fugam celari posse, nec umquam te uxorem duxi aut coniugium tibi promisi. Nunc Italiam petere di immortales me iubent: hic amor, haec patria est mihi. Quoties nox terras operit, quotiens astra surgunt, imago patris Anchisae in somnis me admonet. Nunc etiam nuntius deorum ab ipso Iove missus mandata ad me detulit, ipse deum in claro lumine vidi muros intrantem vocemque eius his auribus audivi. Desine querellis tuis et me et te incendere! Non mea sponte Italiam peto".

Eum talia dicentem Dido aversa intuetur huc illuc volvens oculos, et ic ira accensa fatur: "Non est tibi divina parens, perfide, sed dura saxa te genuerunt tigresque ubera tibi admoverunt! In litus eiectum, egentem te excepi et - demens - partem regni dedi, classem amissam restitui, socios a morte servavi! Nunc di te abire iubent! Itane vero? Putasne eam rem dis superis curae esse? Neque te teneo neque dicta tua refello: i, pete regnum Italiae per undas! Spero equidem te in mediis scopulis periturum et nomine 'Didonem' saepe vocaturum! Dabis, improbe, poenas!".

His dictis medium sermonem abrumpit et aegra ex oculis aufugit, linquens eum cunctantem et multa dicere parantem. Famulae eam collapsam suscipiunt, in marmoreum thalamum referunt et in lectio ponunt.

At pius Aeneas, quamquam amicam dolentem solari cupit, tamen iussa deorum exsequitur classemque revisit. Ibi vero Troiani studiose laborant, robur e silvis conferunt et iam de toto litore naves celsas deducunt. Novae carinae natant, socii tota ex urbe concurrunt.

Quo tum dolore Dido afficiebatur talia cernens! Quos gemitus dabat, cum ex summa arce prospiciens litus et mare turba hominum et navium misceri videret! Iterum precibus lacrimisque animum viri temptat. Non iam coniugium orat neque ut regno Latii careat, sed ut tempus ad navigandum idoneum exspectet et ventos secundos. Moram brevem petit 'dum fortuna se dolere doceat!' Ita supplex implorat, sed ille nec fletu nec precibus movetur: fata obstant.

Rogus Didonis

Dido's Funeral Pyre

Tum vero infelix Dido fatis exterrita mortem orat; taedet eam vitae. Multa prodigia eam monent ut lucem relinquat: cum sacrificium faceret, vidit vinum sacrum in foedum cruorem se vertere; nocte obscura vox Sychaei vocantis exaudita est, atque in somnis ipse ferus Aeneas eam furentem prae se agit. Multa praeterea vatum praedicta eam terrent.

But then unhappy Dido terrified by fate prayed for death; life had wearied her. Many prodigies advised her to leave the light: when she made a sacrifice, she saw the holy wine turn itself into foul blood; at dark night she heard the voice of Sychaeus calling, and in a dream wild Aeneas himself furiously carrying on before her. Moreover many predictions of the seers terrify her.

Ergo ubi dolore victa mori constituit, tempus modumque ipsa secum reputat, et sororem alloquitur vultu sereno consilium celans ac spem simulans: "Inveni rationem, Anna, quae mihi reddat eum aut amore eius me solvat: sacerdos quaedam ex gente Massylorum dicit 'carminibus se mentes aegras curis exsolvere posse.' Tu in regia interiore sub divo erige rogum, et arma viri, quae in thalamo fixa reliquit, exuviasque omnes lectumque iugalem, quo perii, super impone! Cuncta viri impii monumenta abolere volo itaque me iubet sacerdos." Haec locuta silet ore pallido. Non tamen Anna intellegit sororem furentem funus parare. Ergo iussa peragit.

Therefore when overcome by pain she decides to die, she thinks over the time and method with herself, and speaks to her sister with a serene face hiding her plan and feigning hope: "I found a way Anna what returns him to me or frees me from his love: a certain priest from the race of Massylorus says 'with songs a troubled mind can release itself from its cares' You will erect a pyre in palace interior under the open sky and the man's arms which he left fixed in the bedroom, and all his clothes and the marriage bed where I perished, place on top! I want to burn all of the wicked man's belongings as the priests commanded me." Having said this she falls silent with a pale face. Nevertheless Anna does not understand her mad sister prepares her funeral. Therefore she obeys the command.

Rogo ingenti in regia erecto, regina locum floribus et fronde exornat; super rogum exuvias et ensem relictum effigiemque Aeneae in toro locat. Circum stant arae, et sacerdos crinibus passis deos inferos invocat, dum ipsa Dido moritura iuxta altaria precatur.

Having erected a huge pyre in the palace, the queen decorates the place with flowers and leaves; on top oif the pyre clothes and the sword left and an effigy of Aeneas is placed on the bed. Standing around the alter, the priests with torn hair invoke the underworld gods while Dido herself prays for death next to the altar.

Nox erat, et fessa corpora placide dormiebant sub nocte silenti - at non infelix Phoenissa! Renovantur curae rursusque surgit amor et ira: "En, quid agam? Solane fugiens nautas ovantes supplex comitabor? an classe mea eos persequar et cives meos, quos ex urbe Tyro vix eripere potui, rursus in mare agam et ventis vela dare iubebo?

It was night, and the tired bodies were sleeping peacefully under the silent night - but no the unhappy Phoenician! Cares are renewed and love and anger rise again: "Indeed, what should I do? Shall I, fleeing alone, humbly accompany the rejoicing sailors? or pursue them with my fleet and my citizens, who barely were able to escape from the city of Tyre, shall I again drive them into the sea and command them to set sail with the winds?

Quin morere, ut merita es, ferroque averte dolorem!"

Indeed die, as you deserve, and avert your pain with a sword!"

Aeneas autem, omnibus rebus ad discessum paratis, in celsa puppi dormiebat. Huic in somnis rursus se obtulit deus Mercurius et ita monuit:

But Aeneas, with all thigns prepared to depart, was sleeping in the high stern. Here he was again taken up in a dream by the god Mercury and thus warned:

"Nate dea, potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos?
Nec quae te circumstent deinde pericula cernis,
demens, nec Zephyros audis spirare secundos?
Illa dolos dirumque nefas in pectore versat...
Non fugis hinc praeceps, dum praecipitare potestas?
Iam mare turbari trabibus saevasque videbis
collucere faces, iam fervere litora flammis,
si et his attigerit terris aurora morantem.
Heia age, rumpe moras! Varium et mutabile semper
femina!" Sic fatus nocti se immiscuit atrae.

"Son of the goddess, can you be taken by sleep under these cirmcumsances?
And not perceive then the dangers surrounding you,
mad man, and not hear the favorable winds of Zephyros blowing?
She turns over tricks and dreadful crimes in her breast...
Will you not flee headlong from here while you have the power to rush?
Now you will see the sea churned by timbers and savage
torches shining, now the shores ablaze with flames,
if dawn will find you lingering in these lands.
Come, go, break the delay! Always fickle and changeable
is woman!" Thus spoken, he merged himself with the dark night.

Hoc viso exterritus Aeneas e somno se corripit sociosque excitat: "Vigilate, viri, et capite remos! Solvite vela cito! Ecce deus ab aethere missus iterum nos iubet fugam festinare ac funes incidere. Imperio dei ovantes pareamus!" Hoc dicens ensem fulgentem e vagina eripit et funes incidit. Idem omnium ardor fuit, mox cuncta classis litus deseruit.

Terrified from this vision Aeneas rouses himself from his sleep and wakes his companions: "Awake men, and take the oars! Loose the sails quickly! Behold a god again sent from the heavens commands us to hasten our flight and cut the ropes. Rejoicing let us obey the command of the god!" Saying this he seizes the shining sword from its sheath and cuts the ropes. The same passion was in all, soon the whole fleet deserted the shore.

Et iam prima aurora terras novo spargebat lumine. Regina, ut primum ex alta turri vidit classem plenis velis procedere, ter quaterque pulchrum pectus manu percutiens et comas scindens "Pro, Iuppiter!" ait, "Abibit advena, et regno nostro illuserit? Cur non arma capient totaque ex urbe sequentur? Ite, ferte flammas, date tela, solvite naves! - Quid loquor? aut ubi sum? Quae insania mentem mutat? Infelix Dido, nunc demum facta impia te tangunt! En fides eius quem patrios Penates secum portare aiunt et parentem aetate confectum umerissubiisse! Nonne ego eum et socios et ipsum Ascanium ferro absumere potui? Etiam si pugnae fortuna dubia fuisset, quem metui moritura? Faces in castra tulissem, carinas flammis delevissem, filium et patrem cum genere exstinxissem - et ipsa memt super eos iecissem!

"O Sol, qui omnia terrarum opera flammis tuis illustras, tuque Iuno, testis harum curarum, et Furiae ultrices, audite preces nostras: Si necesse est virum impium terram Italiae attingere et sic fata poscunt - at bello et hostium armis ex finibus suis pulsus auxilium imploret videatque indigna suorum funera! Nec in pace regno fruatur, sed ipse ante diem cadar insepultus! Haec precor, cum his precibus extremissanguinem effundo. - Tum vos, o Tyrii, omne genus eius futurum exercete odio: hoc munus date cineri nostro! Nulla amicitia sit inter populos nostros! Exoriatur aliquis ex nostris ossibus ultor, qui igni ferroque colonos Dardanios persequatur nunc, olim, quocumque tempore vires dabuntur!"

Sic ait, et oculos sanguineos volvens, pallida morte futura, altum rogum conscendt ensemque Aeneae eduxit - munus non in hunc usum datum!

Hic, postquam Iliacas vestes notumque cubile
conspexit, paulum lacrimis et mente morata
incubuitque toro dixitque novissima verba:
"Dulces exuviae, dum fata deusque sinebat,
accipite hanc animam meque his exsolvite curis!
Vixi et quem dederat cursum fortuna peregi
et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago.
Urbem praeclaram statui, mea moenia vidi,
ulta virum poenas inimico a fratre recepi,
felix, heu, nimium felix - si litora tantum
numquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae!"
Dixit, et os impressa toro "Moriemur inultae,
sed moriamur!" ait, "Sic, sic iuvat ire sub umbras!"

Inter talia verba illam ferro collapsam aspiciunt comites. It clamor ad alta atria, gemitu et ululatu feminarum tecta resonant - non aliter quam si omnis Karthago ab hostibus capta esset flammaeque furentes per aedes hominum atque deorum volverentur!

[Hinc incipit Aeneides liber V]

Interea in medio mari Aeneas cursum rectum per atros fluctus tenet moenia Karthaginis respiciens, quae iam infelicis Didonis flammis collucent. Ille vero ignorat quae causa tantum ignem accenderint...

Cum iam nulla terra cerneretur, ventus mutatus classem in portum Siciliae compulit, ibique rex Acestes iterum Troianos fessos benigne excepit. Hic Aeneas, cum annus praeteriisset ex quo die Anchises sepultus est, Manibus patris sacrificia fecit atque ludos magnificos apparavit, quibus iuvenes Troiani inter se certaverunt cursu ac viribus, iaculis sagittisque.

Inter eos ludos feminae Troianae, cum eas longi erroris taederet, naves incenderunt, sed imbre a Iove misso ignis mox restinctus est. Refectis navibus, Aeneas plerasque feminas, quamquam eas iam facti sui paenitebat, in Sicilia reliquit atque ipse cum sociis fortissimis Cumas in Campaniam profectus est.

[Liber VI]

Hic Aeneas solus in antrum Sibyllae vatis penetravit; quae eum secum ad inferos duxit, ubi pater Anchises multa narravit de futuro imperio Romano et de fortitudine Romanorum; tum, postquam filio mirantI viros Romanos fortissimos ostendit usque ad lulium Caesarem, his verbis Romanos admonuit:

"Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento!
Hae tibi erunt artes: pacisque imponere morem,
parcere subiectis et debellare superbos."

Cumis profectus Aeneas primum portum Caietae petivit, deinde ventis secundis ad ostium Tiberinum advectus est.

VOCABVLA

advena, ae (m. and f.)
aula, ae
capra, ae
carīna, ae
exuviae, ārum (pl.)
famula, ae
plūma, ae
potentia, ae
querēlla, ae
spēlunca, ae
vāgīna, ae
venia, ae
astrum, ī
coniugium, ī
cōnūbium, ī
dīvum, ī
iaculum, ī
iussum, ī
mandātum, ī
praedictum, ī
rogus, i
thalamus, ī
vīsum, ī
aethēr, eris (acc. era) (m.)
altāria, ium (n. pl.)
ārdor, ōris (m.)
cinis, eris (m.)
cubīle, is (n.)
cupīdō, inis (f.)
fortitūdō, inis (f.)
fulmen, inis (n.)
grandō, inis (f.)
tigris, is (m./f.)
ultrīx īcis (f.)
amictus, ūs
discessus, ūs
luxus, ūs
ūsus, ūs
effigiēs, ēī
nefās
advocāre
circumstāre, circumstetī
cūnctor, cūnctārī, cūnctātum
dēbellāre
dissimulāre
festīnāre
implōrāre
īnflammāre
mandāre
obstō, obstāre, obstitī, obstitum
ostentāre
ovāre
reputāre
sōlor, sōlārī, sōlātum
admoneō, admonēre, admonuī, admonitum
admoveō, admovēre, admōvī, admōtum
immisceō, immiscēre, immiscuī, immixtum
misereor, miserērī, miseritum
taedet, taedēre, taeduī, taesum
abrumpō, abrumpere, abrūpī, abruptum
concumbō, concumbere, concubuī, concubitum
ēvānēscō, ēvānēscere, ēvānuī
excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptum
exsequor, exsequī, exsecūtum
exsolvō, exsolvere, exsolvī, exsolūtum
fervō, fervere, feruī
furō, furere, furuī
illūdō, illūdere, illūsī, illūsum
incumbō, incumbere, incubuī, incubitum
īnsequor, īnsequī, īnsecūtum
nectō, nectere, nexuī / nexī, nexum
obmūtēscō, obmūtēscere, obmūtuī
peragō, peragere, perēgī, perāctum
refellō, refellere, refellī
sēcēdō, sēcēdere, sēcessī, sēcessum
struō, struere, strūxī, strūctum
subiciō, subicere, subiēcī, subiectum
succumbō, succumbere, succubuī, succubitum
suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptum
praesentiō, praesentīre, praesēnsī, praesēnsum
ālātus, a, um
attonitus, a, um
dīlēctus, a, um
hībernus, a, um
īnfēnsus, a, um
īnsepultus, a, um
invictus, a, um
moribundus, a, um
perfidus, a, um
placidus, a, um
placitus, a, um
sanguineus, a, um
uxōrius, a, um
dēmens (gen. dēmēntis)
iugālis, e
mūtābilis, e
praeceps (gen. praecipitis)
vigil (gen. vigilis)
mēmet
extemplō
omnīnō
sponte

VOCABULARY

immigrant, foreigner
palace
shegoat
keel, ship
clothing, armor
servant girl, maid
feather
power
complaint
cave, grotto
sheath
favor, leave, pardon
star, constellation
marriage
marriage, intermarriage
the open sky
throwingspear, javelin
command, order
order
prediction, prophecy
funeral pyre
inner room, bedroom, marriage bed
sight
heaven, upper air, ether
altar
burning, fire, ardor
ashes
bed, couch
desire, passion
strength, bravery
flash of lightning
hail
tiger
avenging
mantle, cloak
departure
extravagance, luxury
use, practice, usage
likeness, portrait
impious act, crime
to call, summon
to stand around, surround
to hesitate
to finish the war, subdue
to conceal
to hasten, hurry
to beseech, implore
to kindle, inflame
to assign, order
to stand in the way (+ dat)
to display ostentatiously
to exult, rejoice
to think over, reflect on
to comfort
to remind, advise, urge
to move near, put to
to mingle, merge (into)
to feel pity for
to be tired / sick of something
to break off
to sleep (with), lie together
to vanish, disappear
to receive, catch, take out
to pursue, go on, execute
to set free, release
to boil, seethe, swarm (long e version more common)
to be mad, rage, rave
to make a game of, fool
to lie down on
to follow, pursue
to attach
to become speechless
to carry out, complete
to refute
to withdraw, rebel
to arrange, contrive, devise
to put under, subject, add
to yield, submit
to take up, receive, adopt
to have a presentiment of
winged
stunned, stupefied
beloved, dear
(belonging to) winter
hostile
unburied
unconquered, invincible
dying
faithless, treacherous
quiet, calm, gentle
pleasing, agreeable
bloodstained, bloodshot
attached to one's wife
out of one's mind, mad
marriage, conjugal
changeable
headlong, precipitous
watchful, wakeful
me, myself
at once
altogether
of one's own accord

CAPITVLVM VNVM ET QVADRAGESIMVM FORTY-FIRST CHAPTER

ORIGENSORIGIN

Iam primum omnium satis constat Troia capta Aeneam domo profugum primo in Macedoniam venisse, inde in Siciliam delatum esse, ab Sicilia classe ad Laurentem agrum tenuisse. Ibi egressi Troiani, quibus ab immenso prope errore nihil praeter arma et naves supererat, cum praedam ex agris agerent, Latinus rex Aboriginesque, qui tum ea tenebant loca, ad arcendam vim advenarum armati ex urbe atque agris concurrunt. Cum instructae acies constitissent, priusquam signum pugnandi daretur, processit Latinus inter primores ducemque advenarum evocavit ad colloquium. Aeneas deinde interrogatus 'qui mortales essent, unde profecti quidve quaerentes in agrum Laurentem exiissent?' respondit 'multitudinem Troianos esse, ducem Aeneam, filium Anchisae et Veneris, domo profugos novam sedem quaerere.' Latinus postquam hoc audivit, et nobilitatem gentis virique et animum bello paratum admiratus, dextra data amicitiam cum Aenea fecit; deinde Troianos in societatem recepit, atque Aenea filiam suam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Ea res Troianis spem fecit tandem certa sede inventa errorem finitum esse. Oppidum condunt, Aeneas ab nomine uxoris 'Lavinium' appellat. Brevi stirps quoque virilis ex novo matrimonio fuit, cui 'Ascanium' parentes nomen dederunt.

It is now sufficiently agreed that after the capture of the house of Troy Aeneas had come first into Macedonia as a refugee, from there he was brought to Sicily, from Sicily the fleet held the land at Laurentum. There the Trojans set out, who by a nearly immense error nothing besides arms and ships remained, when they were plundering the land, the Latin king and Aborigines, who then were holding that place, hurried together to keep the foreigners away by force of arms from the city and from the land. When they decided to draw up an army, before the sign to fight was given, Latinus went forth among the leaders and called the foreign leader to a meeting. Then Aeneas asks 'who the mortals were, from where they set out and why did they go out seeking the land of Laurentum?' he answered 'there is a multitude of Trojans, Aeneas the leader, son of Anchises and Venus, refugees from home seeking a new settlement.' After Latinus heard this, he admired both the nobility of the tribe and men their mind for preparation for war, giving his right hand he made friendship with Aeneas; then accepted the Trojans into the community, and gave his daughter Lavinia to Aeneas in marriage. That matter gave hope to the Trojans that they had finally found a final settlement from the error. They built a town which, from the name of his wife, Aeneas called Lavinium. Soon there was also a male offspring from the new marriage who his parents gave the name Ascanius.

Bello deinde Aborigines Troianique simul petiti sunt. Turnus, rex Rutulorum, cui Lavinia ante adventum Aeneae sponsa fuerat, moleste patiens advenam sibi praelatum esse, simul Aeneae Latinoque bellum intulerat. Neutra acies laeta ex eo certamine abiit: victi sunt Rutuli, victores Aborigines Troianique ducem Latinum amiserunt. Ita solus rex duarum gentium factus Aeneas, ut animos Aboriginum sibi conciliaret, utramque gentem eodem nomine 'Latinos' appellavit.

Then the Aborigines and Trojans were both sought for war. Turnus, king of the Rutuli, who was promised to Lavinia before the arrival of Aeneas, annoyed that the foreigner was placed before him, took up war both with Aeneas and the Latins. Neither army left that conflict happy: the Rutuli were conquered, the victorious Aborigenes and Trojans lost the Latin leader. Thus Aeneas alone was made king of the two races, in order to calm the minds of the Aborgines, he called each race by the same name 'Latins.'

Interim Turnus Rutulique, cum rebus suis diffiderent, ad Etruscos Mezentiumque, regem eorum, confugerant, qui Caere, opulento tum oppido, imperabat. Mezentius, qui iam inde ab initio minime laetus fuerat origine novae urbis, et tum opes Latinorum nimium crescere rebatur, statim societatem cum Rutulis iunxit Latinisque bellum intulit. Aeneas, quamquam tanta opibus Etruria erat ut iam non terras solum, sed mare etiam per totam Italiae longitudinem ab Alpibus ad fretum Siculum fama nominis sui implevisset, tamen de moenibus hostibus resistere noluit, sed in aciem copias eduxit. Proelium deinde Latinis prosperum factum est, quod Aenae etiam ultimum opus mortale fuit, nam post proelium nusquam apparuit.

Meanwhile Turnus and Rutulus, distrustful of their affaris, sought refuge with the Etruscans and Mezentium their king, that Caere, then a wealthy town, reigned. Mezentius, who from the beginning already was not at all happy at the origin of a new city, and then the wealth of the Latins were deemed to grow too much, immediately he joined an alliance with the Rutuli and took up war with the Latins. Aeneas, although the riches of Etruria were so great that the fame of his name had filled not only the land, but also the sea throughout the whole length of Italy from the Alps to the shores of Sicily, yet he refused to resist the enemy from the walls, but led his forces into battle. Then the battle was successful for the Latins, but it was also the final work of mortal Aeneas, for after the battle he appeared nowhere.

Alba condita

Nondum maturus imperio Ascanius, Aeneae filius, erat; tamen id imperium ei ad puberem aetatem incolume mansit. Interim Lavinia pro puero regnavit. (Incertum est - quis enim rem tam veterem pro certo affirmet? - hicine fuerit Laviniae filius an filius ille maior, Creusa matre natus, Ascanius sive Iulus appellatus, quem gens Iulia auctorem nominis suis esse dicit.) Is Ascanius - ubicumque et quacumque matre natus - Lavinium, opulentiam iam (ut tum res erant) urbem, Laviniae reliquit, ipse novam urbem sub Albano monte condidit, quae ab situ urbis in dorso montis 'Alba Longa' appellata est. Id factum est tricesimo fere anno post Lavinium conditum. Tantum tamen opes Latinorum creverant - maxime victis Etruscis - ut ne morte quidem Aeneae nec deinde inter regnum muliebre et Ascanii pueritiam aut Etrusci aut ulli alii finitimi arma movere ausi sint. Pax ita convenerat ut Etruscis Latinisque fluvius Albula, quem nunc Tiberim vocant, finis esset.

Romulus et Remus

Romulus and Remus

Silvius deinde regnat, Ascanii filius, casu in silvis natus. Is Aeneam Silvium procreat; is deinde Latinum Silvium. Mansit 'Silvius' postea cognomen omnibus qui Albae regnaverunt.

Latino Alba ortus est, Alba Atys, Atye Capys, Capye Capetus, Capeto Tiberinus, qui in Albula amne submersus celebre nomen flumini dedit. Agrippa deinde, Tiberini filius, regnum adeptus est, post Agrippam Romulus Silvius, a patre accepto imperio, regnat; ipse fulmine ictus Aventino regnum tradidit: is sepultus in eo colle qui nunc pars urbis Romae est nomen colli fecit.

Proca deinde regnat. Is Numitorem atque Amulium procreat; Numitori, qui filius maior erat, regnum vetustum Silviae gentis legat. Plus tamen vis potuit quam voluntas patris: pulso fratre, Amulius regnat. Addit sceleri scelus: stirpem fratris virilem interimit, fratris filiae Reae Silviae, cum virginem Vestalem eam legisset, perpetua virginitate spem partus adimit.

Sed Vestalis, vi compressa, geminos filios peperit, et Martem patrem esse affirmavit. Sed nec di nec homines aut ipsam aut filios a crudelitate regis defendunt: Amulius Vestalem vinctam in custodiam dat, pueros in fluvium mitti iubet.

Forte super ripas Tiberis effusus erat nec quisquam ad ipsum amnis cursum adire poterat; itaque servi regis in proximo stagno, quod infra collem Paltinum factum erat, pueros exponunt. Vastae tum in his locis solitudines erant. Cum aqua recedens alveum, in quo expositi erant pueri, in sicco reliquisset, lupa sitiens ex montibus ad puerilem vagitum cursum flexit. Ea adeo mitis fuisse dicitur ut infantibus ubera praeberet et pastor regius eam lingua lambentem pueros invenerit - Faustulus ei nomen fuit. Is ambos pueros secum domum tulit et Larentiae uxori educandos dedit.

Ita geniti itaque educati Romulus et Remus (ea fratribus geminis nomina fuerunt), cum primum adoleverunt, non in stabulis apud pecus segnes manebant, sed per saltus venebantur. Ita viribus corporum auctis iam non feras tantum petebant, sed in latrones praedam ferentes impetus faciebant pastoribusque praedam dividebant.

Sed latrones ob praedam amissam irati geminis insidias fecerunt et, cum Romulus vi se defendisset, Remum ceperunt et captum regi Amulio tradiderunt falso accusantes 'in Numitoris agros ab iis impetus fieri; inde eos, collecta iuvenum manu, hostilem in modum praedas agere!' Sic Numitori ad supplicium Remus deditur.

Iam inde ab initio Faustulo spes fuerat regiam stirpem apud se aducari, nam et iussu regis infantes expositos esse sciebat et tempus quo ipse eos sustulisset ad id tempus convenire. Sed rem immarturam nisi per necessitatem aperire noluerat. Cum autem Remus captus Numitori deditus esset, Faustulus metu coactus Romulo rem aperuit. Eodem tempore Numitor, cum in custodia Remum haberet audivissetque geminos esse fratres, comparando et aetatem eorum et minime servile ingenium, nepotes suos servatos esse suspicabatur. Ita undique regi dolus paratur.

Romulus cum manu pastorum Albam profectus regiam oppugnat, et domo Numitoris cum alia manu adiuvat Remus. Ita regem Amulium obrunctant.

Numitor, postquam iuvenes caede facta pergere ad se gratulantes vidit, extemplo advocato concilio scelera fratris, originem nepotum, caedem deinde tyranni et se caedis auctorem ostendit. Fratres ambo in medium progressi, cum avum suum 'regem' salutavissent, omnis multitudo una voce Numitorem regnare iussit.

Roma condita

Rome Founded

Ita Numitori regno Albano reddito, Romulus er Remus consilium ceperunt in iis locis ubi expositi ubique educati erant urbem condere. Deinde ob cupiditatem regni foedum certamen ortum est, uter eorum nomen novae urbi daret atque in ea regnaret. Quoniam gemini erant nec aetatis discrimen inter eos fieri poterat, necesse fuit deos consulere. Ergo inter fratres convenit ut Romulus in Palatio, Remus in Aventino auspicaretur.

Thus Numitor was restored to rule Alba, Romulus and Remus made a plan to build a city on those places where they were exposed and raised. Then from the desire to rule an ugly competition arose, which of them would give a name to their new city and rule it. Since they were twins and age could not be distinguished between them, it was necessary to consult the gods. Therefore it was agreed among the brothers to use auspices, Romulus on Palatine Remus on Aventine.

Priori Remo auspicium venisse dicitur: sex vultures; iamque nuntiatio auspicio, duplex numerus Romulo se ostendit. Cum igitur di maiore avium numero Romulo favere viderentur, ille ante diem XI kalendas Maias in colle Palatino urbem condidit.

It is said that an omen came to Remus first: six vultures; and now, with the omen announced, a double number appeared to Romulus. Since therefore the gods seemed to favor the larger number of birds, he built the city before the 11th days of kalends on the Palatine hill.

Remus vero, cum hoc ,oleste ferret, opus fratris deridens novos transiluit muros. Inde interfectus est ab irato Romulo, cum haec verba adiecisset: "Sic deinde quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!" Ita solus imperio potius est Romulus. Condita urbs conditoris nomine appellata est.

Sacra Herculis instituta

The Sacred Institutions of Hercules

Palatium primum, in quo ipse erat educatus, munivit. Sacra fecit dis aliis Albano ritu, Graeco ritu Herculi, ut ab Euandro instituta erant.

He first constructed Palatine where he was raised. He made sacrifices to other gods in the Alban rite, for the Greek rite to Hecules as was instituted by Euander.

Hercules in ea loca, Geryone monstro interempto, boves mira specie egisse narratur ac prope Tiberim fluvium, quem prae se armentum agens nando transierat, fessus via in herba recubuisse. Ibi cum eum somnus oppressisset, pastor quidam nomine Cacus, ferox viribus, boves pulcherrimos e grege rapere et praedam in speluncam suam abdere voluit. Sed ne vestigia boum dominum quaerentem ad speluncam ducerent, aversos boves caudis in speluncam traxit.

Having killed the monster Geryone, Hercules is told to have driven the oxen of amazing appearance near the Tiber river,

Hercules ad primam auroram e somno excitatus, cum gregem lustravisset oculis et patrem abesse sensisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam. Cum vero vestigia omnia foras versa videret nec in partem aliam ferre, confusus atque incertus ex loco infesto armentum abigere coepit. Deinde, cum abactae boves quaedam relictas desiderantes mugirent, boves in spelunca inclusae vocem reddiderunt, qua audita Hercules revertit. Quem cum vadentem ad speluncam Cacus vi prohibere conatus esset, ictus clava Herculis interiit.

Euander, profugus ex Peloponneso, tum ea loca regebat, vir doctus, cuius mater Carmentis divinum in modum fata praedicebat. Is tum Euander a pastoribus trepidantibus arcessitus, postquam facinus facinorisque causam audivit, formam viri ampliorem angustioremque humana intuens rogitat 'qui vir esset?' Ubi nomen patremque ac patriam accepit, "Iove nate, Hercules, salve!" inquit, "Mater mea, vates divina, te deorum numerum aucturum esse cecinit tibique aram hic dicatum iri, quam opulentissima olim in terris gens 'aram Maximam' vocet." Dextra data Hercules 'se fatum impleturum esse ara dicata' ait. Ibi tum primum, bove eximia capta de grege, sacrum Herculi factum est.

Item Romulus, postquam prima urbi fundamenta iecit, Euandrum auctorem sequens ritu Graeco sacra Herculi fecit.

GEMELLI EXPOSITI

THE TWINS EXPOSED

[Ovidius: Fasti. Ex Libro II]

[Ovid: Fasti. From Book II]

Silvia Vestalis caelestia semina partu
ediderat, patruo regna tenente suo.
Is iubet auferri pueros et in amne necari -
quid facis? ex istis Romulus alter erit!
Iussa recusantes peragunt lacrimosa ministri,
flent, tamen et geminos in loca sola ferunt.
Albula, quem 'Tiberim' mersus Tiberinus in undis
reddidit, hibernis forte tumebat aquis:
hic ubi nunc fora sunt, lintres errare videres,
quaque iacent valles, Maxime Circe, tuae.
Huc ubi venerunt (neque enim procedere possunt
longius), ex illis unus et alter ait:
"At quam sunt similes! at quam formosus uterque!
Plus tamen ex illis iste vigoris habet.
Si genus arguitur vultu, nisi fallit imago,
nescioquem in vobis suspicor esse deum."
"At si quis vestrae deus esset originis auctor
in tam praecipiti tempore ferret opem."
"Ferret opem certe, si non ope mater egeret,
qaue facta est uno mater et orba die!
Nata simul, moritura simul, simul ite sub undas,
corpora!" Desierat, deposuitque sinu.
Vagierunt clamore pari: sensisse putares.
Hi redeunt ufis in sua tecta genis.
Sustinet impositos summa cavus alveus unda
- heu! quantum fati parva tabella tulit!
Alveus in limo, silvis appulsus opacis,
paulatim fluvio deficiente sedet.
Venit ad expositos (mirum!) lupa feta gemellos
- quis credat pueris non nocuisse feram?
Non nocuisse parum est: prodest quoque! Quos lupa
       nutrit...,
et lambit lingua corpora bina sua.

Silvia a Vestal gave birth to the heavenly
seed, while her uncle held the kingdom.
He commands the boys to be carried away and killed in the river -
what are you doing? one of these will be Romulus!
The servants reluctantly carried out the sad command
crying, nevertheless they brought the twins to a place alone.
The Albula by chance, from Tibernus was given 'Tiber', drowned
in waves, swollen with water from winter:
where the forums are now, also where the valleys of
Circus Maximus lies, you may see boats wandering.

VOCABVLA

prīmōrēs
nōbilitās
societās
mātrimōnium
stirps
adventus
opēs
cōpiae
auctor
situs
pueritia
virginitās
partus
crūdēlitās
cūstōdia
sōlitūdō
siccum
lupa
vāgītus
stabulum
saltus
latrō
īnsidiae
necessitās
concilium
avus
discrīmen
auspicium
vultur
conditor
sacra
rītus
armentum
clāva
facinus
patruus
linter
vigor
opem is e
līmus
immēnsus
virīlis
opulentus
prosperus
pūbēs
muliebris
fīnitimus
vetustus
puerīlis
mītis
sēgnis
hostīlis
immātūrus
servīlis
duplex
eximius
lacrimōsus
orbus
ūdus
opācus
fēta (fētus)
ambō
ēvocāre
spondēre
īnferre
conciliāre
diffīdere +dat
adipīscī
īcere
prōcreāre
lēgāre
interimere
comprimere
sitīre
praebēre
lambere
adolēscere
dēdere
suspicārī
grātulārī
cōnsulere
cōnsulere +dat
auspicārī
trānsilīre
īnstituere
opprimere
abdere
cōnfundere
abigere
mūgīre
interīre
trepidāre
dicāre
tumēre
arguere
dēficere
nūtrīre
iussū
falsō
nusquam
ubicumque

VOCABULARY

leading men, front ranks
renown, nobility, nobles
partnership, alliance
matrimony, marrige
origin, stock, offspring
arrival, approach
wealth, money
resources, troops
originator, founder, advocate
position, situation
childhood, boyhood
virginity
(giving) birth
cruelty
guard, custody, post
lonliness, solitude
dry land
shewolf
wail, squall
stable
wooded hills
robber, bandit, pirate
ambush, plot, wiles
necessity
council, meeting
grandfather
distinction, grave danger
omen, auspices
vulture
founder
sacrifices, sacred rites
rite
herd of cattle
club
deed, misdeed, crime, act
paternal uncle
small boat
vigor
power, aid, assistance
mud
boundless, immense, vast
of manhood
rich, wealthy
successful, prosperous, favourable
mature, grown up, adolescent
of a woman, womanly
neighboring, next
old, ancient
of boys, boyish
gentle, mild, tame
slothful, inactive, slow
hostile, enemy
immature
servile
double
choice, outstanding
tearful
deprived, bereft
wet, damp
shaded, dark
having young
both
to call on, to summon, to evoke
to promise
to bring in, to cause, to inflict
to win over
to distrust, to despair of
to obtain
to strike, to make, to conclude
to engender, to beget
to bequeath, to send, to delegate
to kill
to compress, to crush, to suppress, to rape
to thirst
to present, to offer, to show
to lick
to grow up
to give up, to devote
to suspect
to congratulate
to consult, to take counsel
to look after, to take care of
to take the auspices
to jump over
to establish, to institute
to press on, to overwhelm
to hide
to mingle, to upset, to confuse
to drive away
to low, to bellow
to die, to perish
to be in panic, to tremble
to surrender
to swell
to reveal, to affirm, to accuse
to fail, to sink, to wane, to defect
to feed, to suckle
by order
falsely, deceivingly, wrongly
nowhere
wherever

CAPITVLVM ALTERVM ET QVADRAGESIMVMFORTY-SECOND CHAPTER

BELLVM ET PAXWAR AND PEACE

Rebus divinis rite factis vocataque ad concilium multitudine, quae nulla re nisi legibus in unum populum coalescere poterat, Romulus iura dedit. Ut homines agrestes novum regem vererentur, ipse se augustiorem fecit insignibus imperii: cum vestem purpuream induit, tum lictores duodecim sumpsit, qui fasces et secures gerentes regi anteirent.

With matters of divine rites made and the multitude were called to the council, which by no means could unite into one people except by laws, Romulus gave the rights. In order that the peasants fear a new king, he made himself more majestic with insignias of the empire: when he wore purple clothes, then took up twelve guards, who carried fasces and axes going before the king.

Crescebat interim urbs, cum alia atque alia loca munirentur. Deinde, ne vana urbis magnitudo esset, Romulus multitudinem finitimorum in urbem recepit, cum sub monte Capitolino inter duos lucos asylum aperuisset. Eo ex finitimis populis quilibet homo, sine discrimine utrum liber an servus esset, perfugere poterat.

Meanwhile the city was growing, when several places were fortified. Then, lest the greatness of the city be empty, Romulus received a multitude of neighbors into the city, when he had opened a refuge under the Capitoline between the two groves. From the neighboring people anyone could seek refuge without distinction whether he was free or a slave.

Civitate ita aucta, Romulus centum senatores creavit, sive quia is numerus satis erat, sive quia soli centum cives nobiles erant qui senatores creari possent. 'Patres' ipsi honoris causa appellati sunt, liberique eorum 'patricii'.

The state thus founded, Romulus made one hundred senators, either because the number was enough, or because there were only one hundred noble citizens able to be made senators. They were called 'Father' for the reason of honor, and thier children 'patricians.'

Sabinae raptae

Iam res Romana adeo erat valida ut cuiliber finitimarum civitatum bello par esset. Sed cum novus populus mulieribus careret neque viris Romanis cum finitimis conubia essent, Romulus ex consilio patrum legatos ad vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem conubiumque novo populo peterent. Nusquam benigne legatio audita est, adeo aliae gentes Romanos spernebant ac simul tantam in medio crescentem molem metuebant. Ab omnibus dimissi sunt, plerisque rogitantibus 'num feminis quoque asylum aperuissent?' Id Romani iuvenes aegre passi sunt, et haud dubie ad vim spectare res coepit.

Now the Roman state was so strong that it was equal in war to any of the neighboring states. But since the new people lacked women and the Roman men did not have marriage rights with their neighbors, Romulus sent envoys from the council of the fathers to the neighboring races, who sought alliance and marriage rights for the new people. Nowhere were the envoys heard with kindness, the other races scorned the Romans so much and at the same time feared such a growing mass in their midst. They were sent away by all, and with many asking would they have opened asylum to also?' This the young Romans suffered poorly and without doubt things began to appear violent.

Romulus vero indignationem dissimulans ludos parat Neptuno; deinde finitimos ad spectaculum vocari iubet. Multi mortales convenere studio etiam videndae novae urbis, maxime ex oppidis proximis Caenina, Crustumerio, Antemnis; etiam Sabinorum omnis multitudo cum liberis ac coniugibus venit. Invitati hospitaliter per domos, cum situm moeniaque et frequentia urbis tecta vidissent, mirantur tam brevi rem Romanam crevisse. Ubi spectaculi tempus venit atque eo oculi et mentes conversae erant, tum signo dato iuventus Romana ad rapiendas virgines discurrit!

But Romulus hiding his indignation prepared games to Neptune; then ordered the neighbors be called to the event. Many mortals were met with eagerness also to see the new cities, the most from the neighboring town of Caenina, Crustumerio, Antemnis; also all the multitude of Savibes with their children and spouses came. Having been invited with hospitality through the houses, when they had seen the site of the walls and the many houses of the city, they marvelled that so quickly had the Roman state grown. When the time of the event came and the eyes and minds turned to it, then giving the signal the young Romans rushed to abduct the virgins!

Turbato per metum ludicro, maesti parentes virginum profugiunt Romanos 'perfidos hospites' incusantes deumque Neptunum invocantes. Nec virginibus raptis indignatio minor erat. Sed ipse Romulus circumibat animosque earum mitigabat his dictis: "Hoc factum est ob patrum vestrorum superbiam, qui conubium Romanis negaverunt. Vos tamen cum viris Romanis in matrimonio eritis, in societate fortunarum omnium et - quo nihil carius et generi humano - liberorum. Proinde mollite iram, et viris, quibus forte corpora data sunt, date animos! Saepe ex iniuria postea gratia orta est." Ad hoc accedebant blanda verba virorum, quae ad muliebre ingenium maximam vim habent.

Disturbed through fear from the games, the upset parents of the maidens fled accusing the Romans of being 'faithless guests' and invoked the god Neptune. Nor were the captured maidens less indignant. But Romulus himself went around soothing their minds with these words: "This was done because of the pride of your fathers who denied marriage rights with the Romans. Nevertheless you will be married with Roman men in an alliance of all fortunes - for nothing is more dear to the human race - children. Therefore soothe your anger, and to the men who by chance your bodies were given, give your minds! Often from insult, thanks arises after." To this the flattering words of the men were received, which have a great effect on a woman's character.

Spolia opima

Rich spoils

Iam admodum mitigati animi raptarum erant. At raptarum parentes sordida veste lacrimisque et querellis civitates concitabant. Nec domi tantum indignationes continebant sed undique ad T. Tatium, regem Sabinorum, et legationes conveniebant, quod maximum Tatii nomen in iis regionibus erat.

Now the minds of the abducted were greatly soothed. But the parents of the abducted incited the cities with dirty clothes and tears and complaints. And not only at their homes did they stir up such indignations, but from all over and they sent envoys to T. Tatium, king of the Sabines, because the name Tatius was the greatest among these regions.

Caeninenses Crustuminique et Antemnates, cum Tatius Sabinosque lente agere existimarent, ipsi inter se tres populi communiter bellum parant. Dum Crustumini atque Antemnates occasionem exspectant, Caeninenses nimis impatientes per se ipsi in agrum Romanum impetum faciunt. Sed iis obviam it Romulus cum exercitu, levique certamine docet vanam sine viribus iram esse: exercitum eorum fugat, fugatum persequitur. Regem in proelio obtruncat et spoliat. Duce hostium occiso, urbem primo impetu capit.

The Caeninians, Crustumini, and Antemnates, while they thought that Tatius and the Sabines were acting slowly, the three peoples themselves jointly prepared for war among themselves.

Inde exercitu victore reducto, ipse spolia ducis hostium prae se gerens in Capitolium escendit, ibique cum spolia opima ad quercum sacram deposuisset, simul cum dono fines templo Iovis designavit cognomenque addidit deo: "Iuppiter Feretri!" inquit, "Haec tibi victor Romulus rex regia arma fero templumque hoc loco voveo, quo posteri, me uctorem sequentes, regibus ducibusque hostium caesis, opima spolia ferent."

Haec est origo templi quod primum omnium Romae sacratum est. Postea inter tot annos, tot bella, bina tantum spolia opima capta sunt: adeo rara fuit fortuna id decus adipiscendi.

Dum ea ibi Romani gerunt, Antemnatium exercitus per occasionem hostiliter in fines Romanorum invasit. Celeriter exercitus Romanus eos in agris sparsos oppressit. Hostes igitur primo impetu et clamore fugati sunt, oppidum captum.

Romulum duplici victoria ovantem mulieres raptae orant 'ut parentibus suis det veniam eosque in civitatem accipiat: ita rem Romanam coalascere concordia posse.' Id facile impetraverunt. Inde contra Crustuminos bellum inferentes profectus est; ibi etiam minus certaminis fuit, quod alienis cladibus ceciderant animi hostium. Ex utraque civitate frequentes Romam migraverunt, parentes maxime ac fratres raptarum.

Bellum Sabinum

Sabine war

Novissimum ab Sabinis bellum ortum est, multoque id maximum fuit. Nihil enim per iram aut cupiditatem actum est, nec ostenderunt bellum prius quam intulerunt. Non solum vi, sed etiam dolo usi sunt:

The last war from the Sabines arose, and it was much greater. For nothing occurred through anger or desire, nor did they show war before they brought it. They used not only force but tricks also:

Sp. Tarpeius arci Romanae praeerat. Huius filia virgo forte aquam petitum extra moenia ierat. Ei Tatius auro pollicendo persuasit ut Sabinos armatos in arcem acciperet. Accepti Sabini Tarpeiam necavere! - seu ut arx potius vi quam dolo capta esse videretur, seu exempli causa ne quis impune patriam suam proderet. Additur fabula, Tarpeiam mercedem ab Sabinis postulavisse 'id quod in sinistris manibus haberent' (nam Sabini aureas armillas magni ponderis bracchio laevo gemmatosque anulos habebant); ergo Sabinos pro aureis donis scuta in eam coniecisse!

Tenuere tamen arcem Sabini. Atque inde postero die, cum exercitus Romanus inter Palatinum Capitolinumque collem instructus esset, non prius descenderunt in locum aequum quam Romani - ira et cupiditate arcis reciperandae accensi - montem subiere. Uterque dux suas copias ad pugnam concitabat, Sabinos Mettius Curtius, Romanos Hostius Hostilius. Hic milites suos iniquo loco pugnantes animo atque audacia sustinebat.

Ut Hostius cecidit, confestim acies Romana cedere coepit ac fugata est. Ad veterem portam Palatii Romulus, et ipse turba fugientium actus, arma ad caelum tollens "Iuppiter! Tuis" inquit "iussus avibus hic in Palatio prima urbi fundamenta ieci. Arcem iam scelere emptam Sabini habent, inde huc armati tendunt. At tu, pater deum hominumque, hinc saltem arce hostes! Deme terrorem hominumque, hinc saltem arce hostes! Deme terrorem Romanis fugamque foedam siste! Hic ego tibi templum Statori Iovi, quod monumentum sit posteris tua praesenti ope servatam urbem esse, voveo." Haec praecatus, velut si sensisset auditas preces, "Hinc" inquit, "Romani, Iuppiter Optimus Maximus resistere atque iterare pugnam iubet!"

Resistere Romani tamquam caelesti voce iussi. Ipse ad primores Romulus provolat. Mettius Curtius ab Sabinis princeps ab arce decurrerat et effusos egerat Romanos per totam vallem ubi nunc est forum Romanum. Nec procul iam a porta Palatii erat, clamitans: "Vicimus perfidos hospires, imbelles hostes! Iam sciunt longe aliud esse virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris!"

In eum haec gloriantem cum globo ferocissimorum iuvenum Romulus impetum facit. Ex equo tum Mettius pugnabat, eo facilius fuit eum pellere. Pulsum Romani persequuntur. Et reliqua Romana acies, audacia regis accensa, fundit Sabinos. Mettius, equo strepitu sequentium trepidante, in paludem sese conicit et aegre e periculo evadit. Romani Sabinique in media valle inter duos montes renovant proelium, sed res Romana erat superior.

Tum Sabinae mulieres, quarum ex iniuria bellum ortum erat, crinibus passis scissaque veste - victo malis muliebri pavore - ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre. A latere impetu facto, infestas acies diviserunt, hinc patres, hinc viros orantes 'ne sanguine nefando se respergerent!' - "Si vos piget conubii inter vos, in nos vertire iras! Nos causa belli, nos causa vulnerum ac caedium viris ac parentibus sumus. Melius peribimus, quam sine alteris vestrum viduae aur orbae vivemus!"

Movet res cum multitudinem, tum duces. Silentium et repentina fit quies. Inde ad foedus faciendum duces prodeunt. Nec pacem modo, sed civitatem unam ex duabus faciunt. Regnum consciant; imperium omne conferunt Romam. Ut Sabinis tamen aliquid daretur, cives Romani 'Quirites' a Curibus appellati sunt.

Ex bello tam tristi laeta repente pax cariores Sabinas viris ac parentibus et ante omnes Romulo ipsi fecit. Itaque cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum curiis imposuit. Eodem tempore et centuriae tres equitum conscriptae sunt: 'Ramnenses' ab Romulo, ab T. Tatio 'Titienses' appellati - 'Lucerum' nominis origo incerta est. Inde non modo commune, sed concors etiam regnum duobus regibus fuit.

Fidenates et Veientes victi

The Fidenates and Veientes defeated

Post aliquot annos rex Tatius Lavinii, cum ad sacrificium eo venisset, concursu facto interfectus est. Romulus eam rem minus aegre quam dignum erat tulisse dicitur, seu ob infidam societatem regni, seu quia haud iniuria Tatium caesum credebat. Itaque bello quidem abstinuit, et foedus inter Romam Liviniumque urbes renovatum est.

After some years King Tatius of the Lavinians, when he had come to the sacrifice, was killed in the encounter. Romulus was said to have taken the matter with less trouble than it deserved, either because of the unfaithful alliance of the kingdom, or because he believed that Tatius had been killed without any wrong. Therefore he avoided war, and the treaty between the cities of Rome and Livinia was restored.

Cum Lavinio quidem insperata pax erat. Aliud multo propius atque in ipsis prope portis bellum ortum est. Fidenates, cum nimis vicinam urbem prope se convalescere viderent, priusquam tam valida esset quam futura esse videbatur, properant bellum facere. Iuventute armata immissa vastatur id agri quod inter urbem ac Fidenas est. Inde ad laevam versi, qua a dextra Tiberis eos arcebat, cum magno pavore agrestium populantur. Hoc Romam nuntiato, Romulus exercitum educit, castra mille passus a Fidenis locat. Ibi modico praesidio relicto, egressus cum omnibus copiis partem militum locis occultis sedere in insidiis iussit, ipse cum parte maiore atque omni equitatu profectus ad ipsas prope portas Fidenarum accedens hostes ad pugnam excivit. Illi, numerum Romanorum modicum contemnentes, repente omnibus portis erumpunt ac Romanos fugam simulantes ad locum insidiarum persequuntur. Inde subito exorti Romani in latus hostium impetum faciunt. Simul e castris mota sunt signa eorum qui in praesidio relicti erant. Ita maximo terrore perculsi Fidenates, prius paene quam Romulus equitesque qui cum eo erant circumagerent equos, terga verterunt atque oppidum repetebant. Non tamen a persequentibus se eripuere: priusquam fores portarum opponerentur, Romani velut uno agmine in oppidum irruperunt.

Hoc bello concitati Veientes quoque in fines Romanos excurrerunt vastantes magis quam iusti more belli. Itaque non castris positis, non exspectato hostium exercitu, raptam ex agris praedam portantes Veios rediere. Romanus contra, postquam hostem in agris non invenit, magno exercitu Tiberim transiit. Quem postquam castra ponere et ad urbem accessurum Veientes audivere, obviam egressi sunt, ut potius acie certarent quam inclusi de tectis moenibusque dimicarent. Ibi nullo dolo adiutus, tantum virtute militum rex Romanus vicit. Hostes fusos ad moenia persecutus, urbe valida muris ac situ ipso munita abstinuit, agros rediens vastavit, ulciscendi magis quam praedae studio. Ea clade coacti Veientes pacem petitum legatos Romam mittunt.

Romulus consecratus

Romulus consecrated

Haec Romulo regnante domi militiaeque gesta sunt. Ab illo viribus datis, tantum valuit urbs Roma ut in quadraginta deinde annos tutam pacem haberet. Multitudini tamen rex gratior fuit quam patribus, longe ante alios acceptissimus militum animis. Trecentosque armatos ad custodiam corporis, quos Celeres appellavit, non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace habuit.

His immortalibus perfectis operibus, cum Romulus contionem militum in campo Martio haberet, subito coorta tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque tam denso nimbo regem operuit ut conspectum eius militibus abstulerit. Nec deinde in terris Romulus fuit. Romani iuvenes, postquam ex tam turbido die serena et tranquilla lux rediit, ubi vacuam sedem regiam viderunt, velut si orbi facti essent, maesti aliquamdiu siluerunt, velut si orbi facti essent, maesti aliquamdiu siluerunt. Patres vero qui proximi steterant 'regem procella in caelum raptum esse' affirmaverunt. Deinde, a paucis initio facto, universi Romulum 'deum deo natum, regem parentemque urbis Romanae' salvere iubent.

Fuisse credo tum quoque aliquos qui 'regem a patribus interemptum esse' clam arguerent. Ne huic famae plebs crederet, Proculus Iulius, senator nobilissimus, in contionem prodiit. "Quirites!" inquit, "Romulus, parens urbis huius, prima hodierna luce de caelo repente delapsus mihi obvius fuit. Cum perfusus horrore constitissem, 'Abi, nuntia' inquit 'Romanis, caelestes ita velle ut mea Roma caput orbis terrarum sit; proinde rem militarem colant sciantque - et ita posteris tradant - nullas opes humanas armis Romanis resistere posse.' Haec" inquit "locutus sublimis abiit." Illi viro nuntianti haec plebs credidit. Fanum in colle Quirinali Romulo deo, qui idem Quirinus vocatur, dicatum est.

Interregnum

Between kings

Patres interim de regno certabant. Qui ab Sabinis orti erant, quia post Tatii mortem nemo eorum regnaverat, regem Sabinum creari volebant. Romani veteres peregrinum regem spernebant. Timor deinde patres incessit ne civitatem sine imperio, exercitum sine duce vis aliqua externa adoriretur. Omnibus igitur patribus palcebat aliquod caput civitatis esse, nec vero quisquam alteri concedere volebat. Itaque centum patres summum imperium inter se consociaverunt. Deni simul quinos dies imperitabant, quorum principes, qui 'interrges' nominabantur, cum insignibus imperii erant. Ita imperium per omnes in orbem ibat. Id 'interregnum' appellatum est.

Plebs autem querebatur 'centum pro uno dominos factos' et regem a se creatum postulabant. Cum hoc sensissent patres, populo concedendum esse censuerunt - ita tamen ut, cum populus regem creavisset, patres auctores fierent.

Tum interrex, contione advocata, "Quod bonum, faustum felixque si" inquit, "Quirites, regem create! Ita patribus visum est. Patres deinde, si regem dignum qui secundus ab Romulo numeretur creaveritis, auctores fient." Ita plebi permissum est ut regem crearet, sed tamen senatus decernebat Romae regnaret.

Numa Pompilius rex

King Numa Pompilius

Eo tempore Numa Pompilius Curibus habitabat, vir prudentissimus iuris divini atque humani - ut in illa aetate quisquam esse poterat. Eum populus Romanus regem creavit. Audito nomine Numae patres Romani, quamquam peregrinus erat, tamen neminem illi viro praeferre ausi, ad unum omnes Numa Pompilio regnum tradendum esse decernunt.

At that time Numa Pompilius was living in Cures, a very prudent man of divine and human rights - as anyone was able to be in that age. The Roman people made him king.

Romam arcessitus Numa, sicut Romulus auspicato regnum adeptus est, de se quoque deos consuli iussit. Inde ab augure deductus in arcem, in lapide ad meridiem versus consedit. Augur ad laevam eius capite velato sedem cepit dextra manu baculum aduncum tenens, quem 'lituum' appellaverunt. Inde in urbem agrumque prospiciens deos precatus regiones ab oriente ad occidentem animo finivit. Tum lituo in alevam manum translato, dextra in caput Numae imposita, ita precatus est: "Iuppiter pater, si est fas hunc Numam Pompilium, cuius ego caput teneo, regem Romae esse, uti tu signa nobis certa declares inter eos fines quos feci!" Tum auspiciis missis declaratus rex Numa de templo descendit.

Qui regno ita potius urbem novam, conditam vi et armis, iure legibusque ac moribus de integro condere parat. Populum ferocem pace mitigandum esse ratus, lanum ad infimum Argiletum fecit, qui apertus bellum, clausus pacem esse indicaret. (Bis deinde post Numa regnum clausus est, semel T. Manlio consule post primum bellum Punicum perfectum, iterum post proelium Actiacum ab imperatore Caesare Augusto pace terra marique parta.)

Clauso Iano, cum omnium finitimorum animos societate ac foederibus sibi iunxisset, depositis externorum periculorum curis, Numa omnium primum deorum metum Romanis iniciendum esse ratus est. Qui cum descendere ad animos non posset sine aliquo divino miraculo, simulat sibi cum dea Egeria nocturnos sermones esse: 'eius monitu se sacra quae dis acceptissima essent instituere, et sacerdotes suos cuique deorum praeficere.'

Atque omnium primum ad cursus lunae in duodecim menses discripsit annum, additis Ianuario et Februario. Idem nefastos dies fastosque fecit, quia aliquando nihil cum populo agi utile futurum esset.

Tum ad sacerdotes creandos animum advertit, quamquam ipse plurimis sacris, maxime sacris Iovis, praeerat. Sed quia in civitate bellicosa plures Romuli quam Numae similes reges fore putabat iturosque ipsos ad bella, ne rege absente sacra neglegerentu, Iovi assiduum sacerdotem creavit qui 'flamen Dialis' appellatus est. Huic duos flamines adiecit, Marti unum, alterum Quirino, virginesque Vestales legit; his, ut assiduae templi sacerdotes essent, stipendium de publico statuit, easque virginitate sanctas fecit. Salios item duodecim Marti legit caelestiaque arma, quae 'ancilla' appellantur, ferre ac per urbem saltare canentes carmina iussit. Pontificem deinde generum suum Numam Marcium ex patribus legit eique sacra omnia scripta tradidit, quibus hostiis, quibus diebus, ad quae templa sacra fierent. Cetera quoque omnia publica privataque sacra pontifici mandavit, ut esset quem plebs consuleret, ne titus neglegerentur.

Cum igitur multitudo omnis a vi et armis ad res divinas curandas conversa esset, tum finitimi etiam populi - qui antea castra, non urbem in medio positam esse ad turbandam omnium pacem crediderant - nefas putabant violare civitatem que tanta diligentia deos coleret. Quam ob rem tuta pax per omne Numae regni tempus conservata est.

Ita duo deinceps reges, alius alia via, ille bello, hic pace, civitatem auxerunt. Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Numa tres et quadraginta. Cum valida, tum temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas.

RAPINA SABINARVM

RAPE OF THE SABINES

[Ovidius: Ars amatoria. Ex libro I v. 109-110, 113-132]

[Ovid: Art of Love. from book 1 v. 109-110, 113-132]

Respiciunt oculisque notant sibi quisque puellam
quam velit, et tacito pectore multa movent.
In medio plausu (èlausus tunc arte carebant)
rex populo praedae signa --- dedit.
Protinus exsiliunt, animum clamore fatentes,
virginibus cupidas iniciuntque manus!
Ut fugiunt aquilas, timidissima turba, columbae,
utque fugit visos agna novella lupos,
sic illae timuere viros sine lege ruentes
- constitit in nulla qui fuit ante color.
Nam timor unus erat, facies non una timoris:
pars laniat crines, pars sine mente sedet,
altera maesta silet, frustra vocat altera matrem,
haec queritur, stupet haec, haec manet, illa fugit.
Ducuntur raptae, genialis praeda, puellae,
et potuit multas ipse decere timor.
Si qua repugnabat nimium comitemque negabat,
sublatam cupido vir tulit ipse sinu
atque ita "Quid teneros lacrimis corrumpis ocellos?
Quod matri pater est hoc tibi" dixit "ero."
Romule, militibus scisti dare commoda solus:
haec mihi si dederis commoda, miles ero!

MVLIERES PACEM FACIVNT

THE WOMEN MAKE PEACE

[Ovidius: Fasti. Ex libro III v. 215-228]

[Ovid: Fasti from book 3 v. 215-22]

Iam stabant acies ferro mortique paratae
iam lituo tubicen signa daturus erat -
cum raptae veniunt inter patresque virosque,
inque sinu natos, pignora cara, ferunt.
Ut medium campi passis tetigere capillis,
in terram posito procubuere genu,
et quasi sentirent, blando clamore nepotes
tendebant ad avos bracchia parva suos;
qui poterat clamabat 'avum', tunc denique visum,
et qui vix poterat posse coactus erat!
Tela viris animique cadunt, gladiisque remotis
dant soceri generis accipiuntque manus,
laudatasque tenent natas, secutoque nepotem
fert avus: hic scuti dulcior usus erat!

VOCABVLA

fascis, is, m
securis, is, f
insigne, is, n
lictor, oris, m
asylum, ī, n
civitas, tatis, f
legatio, ōnis, f
indignatio, ōnis, f
spectaculum, ī, n
ludicrum, ī, n
occasio, ōnis, f
spolia, orum, N pl.
quercus, ūs, f
decus, oris, n
clades, is, f
armilla, ae, f
globus, ī, m
foedus, eris, n
centuria, ae, f
concursus, ūs, m
praesidium, ī, n
militia, ae, f
contio, ōnis, f
plebs, is, f
fanum, ī, n
interregnum, ī, n
interrex, regis, m
augur, uris, m
lituus, ī, m
miraculum, ī, n
monitus, ūs, m
flamen, inis, m
ancile, is, n
gener, eri, m
diligentia, ae, f
plausus, us, m
columba, ae, f
agna, ae, f
commodum, ī, n
tubicen, inis, m
pignus, oris, n
socer, eri, m
agrestis e
vanus a um
vicinus a um
hospitalis e
blandus a um
lentus a um
opimus a um
iniquus a um
imbellis e
nefandus a um
concors, ordis (ADJ)
insperatus a um
modicus a um
acceptus a um
densus a um
hodiernus a um
obvius a um
sublimis e
peregrinus a um
externus a um
faustus a um
aduncus a um
nocturnus a um
nefastus a um
fastus a um
utilis e
assiduus a um
sanctus a um
amatorius a um
novellus a um
genialis e
coalesco, coalescere, coalui, coalitus
anteīre, anteeō, anteiī, anteitus
perfugere, perfugio, perfugi
mitigare
concitare
creare
sperno, spernere, sprevi, spretus
discurrere, discurro, discurri, discursum
profugere, profugio, profugi,
fugare
spoliare
escendere, escendo, escendi, escensum
designare
invadere, invado, invasi, invasum
impetrare
migrare
prodere, prodo, prodidi, proditum
reciperare
sistere, sisto, steti, statum
iterare
provolare
clamitare
evadere, evado, evasi, evasum
respergere, respergo, respersi, respersum
pigo, ēre, ī
prodire, prodeo, prodii, proditum
consociare
conscribere, conscribo, conscripsi, conscriptum
convalescere, convalesco, convalui
immitto, immittere, immisi, immissus
vastare
populari
excire, excio, excivi, excitum
percellere, percello, perculi, perculsum
opponere, oppono, opposui, oppositum
irrumpere, irrumpo, irrupi, irruptum
dimicare
cooriri, coorior, coortus sum
delabi, delabor, delapsus sum
adoriri, adorior, adortus sum
imperitare
decernere, decerno, decrevi, decretum
velare
declarare
indicare
inicere, inicio, inieci, iniectum
discribere, discribo, discripsi, discriptum
advertere, adverto, adverti, adversum
saltare
violare
conservare
temperare
notare
exsilire, exsilio, exsilui, exsultum
laniare
corrumpere, corrumpo, corrupi, corruptum
procumbere, procumbo, procubui, procubitum
cum...tum
quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet
aegre
proinde
admodum
impune (adv.)
confestim
aliquamdiu
auspicato
uti
de integro
deinceps

VOCABULARY

Bundle of rods (w/ an axe)
Axe
mark, token, symbol
magistrate's attendant
asylum, refuge
citizenship, state
Embassy, mission
Indignation, anger
show, spectacle
Game
Opportunity
spoils, booty
oak tree
honour, glory
defeat, disaster
bracelet, armlet
round body, sphere, globe
agreement, condition, treaty
century, company of 60100 men
running together, gathering
garrison, protection
military service, army
Meeting/assembly
common people
shrine, temple
Time between kings/reigns
"in between" king
Prophet
an augur's staff or wand
Miracle
advice, warning
Priest
small oval shield
Soninlaw
diligence
applause, clapping
Dove, pigeon
(she)lamb
advantage, convenience
trumpet player
pledge, (in pl.) children
fatherinlaw
rustic, of the countryside
empty; false, deceitful, vain
neighboring
hospitable
flattering, charming, pleasant
slow, sluggish
rich, sumptuous, fertile
uneven, unfair, unfavorable
unwarlike, peaceful
accursed, evil, wicked
harmonious
unexpected
moderate, small
welcome, pleasant, agreeable
thick, dense
of today, today's
in the way, opposing
high, lofty
foreign, strange
outward, external
favorable
curved; crooked, hooked
nocturnal, of the night
forbidden (days of oublic business), unlawful, unlucky
Not forbidden (days of oublic business)
useful, profitable
constant, unceasing
sacred, holy
relating to love
young, new
Pertaining to marriage, nuptial
join, grow together
Go/walk before/ahead
to take refuge
To mitigate, soften, alleviate
to stir up, incite, arouse
To create, elect
To despise, reject, scorn
To run off in different directions, wander, roam
to run away
to put to flight
to rob, plunder (of = abl.)
to ascend
to mark out, arrange
to invade
to obtain, accomplish
to depart, migrate
to hand down/over, show
to recover
to stand, place
To repeat
to fly forth, rush out
to shout repeatedly
to escape, evade
to scatter out
To be weakened
to go forth
to share, unite, associate
to enlist, enroll; write up
to grow strong
to send in, release
To destroy, lay waste
to ravage, plunder
to summon
to strike with fear
to oppose
to force one's way, burst in
to fight, struggle
to arise
to descend
to attack, to address, to rise up
to govern, command
to decide
to cover, conceal, clothe
to declare, to reveal
To point out, show, indicate
to instill
to distribute
to turn
To dance, jump
to do violence to, violate
To keep safe/intact
to restrain oneself
To observe, record
to jump up
To tear, mangle
to break up; destroy, lay waste
to lean forward
Both...and (especially), not only...but also
whatever you please, any
scarcely, with difficulty
therefore
completely
without punishment
Immediately
For some time
having taken the auspices
like, as, how, that, in order that, to, as soon as
afresh, anew
successively

CAPITVLVM QVADRAGESIMVM TERTIVM FORTY-THIRD CHAPTER

ROMA ET ALBAROME AND ALBA

Numae morte ad interregnum res rediit. Inde Tullum Hostilium, nepotem Hostii Hostili, cuius in infima arce clara pugna adversus Sabinos fuerat, regem populus creavit; patres auctores facti sunt.

With Numa's death the state returned to interregum. Then Tullus Hostilius, grandson of Hostius Hostilius, in whose lower citadel there had been a famous fight with the Sabines, the people made king; the fathers became founders.

Hic non solum proximo regi dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam quam Romulus fuit. Cum aetas viresque, tum avita quoque gloria animum stimulabat. Senescere igitur civitatem otio ratus, undique materiam belli faciendi quaerebat.

Not only was he unlike the next king, he was more ferocious than Romulus. With age and strength, also his ancestors glory was then stimulating his mind. Therefore, thinking the citizens were growing old with leisure, he sought all materials for making war.

Forte evenit ut agrestes Romani ex Albano agro, Albani ex Romano praedas agerent. Imperitabat tum Gaius Cluilius Albae. Utrimque legati eodem fere tempore ad res repetendes missi sunt. Tullus imperaverant suis ut sine mora mandata agerent. Satis sciebat regem Albanum negaturum esse: ita iure bellum indici posse. Ab legatis Albanis segnius res acta est. Excepti ab Tullo blande ac benigne, libenter regis convivio intersunt. Interim Romani et res repetiverant priores et neganti regi Albano bellum in tricesimum diem indixerant. Haec renuntiant Tullo. Tum Tullus a legatis Albanis quaerit 'quid petentes venerint?' Illi primum se purgare conantur: 'se invitos aliquid quod displiceat Tullo dicturos esse: res repetitum se venisse; nisi reddantur, bellum indicere iussos esse.' Ad haec Tullus "Nuntiate" inquit "regi vestro regem Romanum deos facere testes uter prius populus legatos res repetentes superbe dimiserit, ut in eum omnes huius belli clades vertant!"

By chance it occured that Roman peasants were taking spoils from Alban fields, and Albans from Romans. Gaius Cluilius Alba was then in command. Envoys from both side were sent to recall the matter. Tullus ordered his men to carry out the orders without delay. He knew enough that the Alban king would refuse: thus by law he could declare war. From the Alban envoys the matter was done more slowly. Received by Tullus with charm and kindness, they gladly attended the kings banquet. Meanwhile the Romans repeated the prior matter and denying the Alban king, they declared war on the thirtieth day. They announced this to Tullus. Then Tullus inquires from the envoys, 'why did they come seeking?' They first tried to excuse themselves: 'they were unwilling to say anything that would displease Tullus: that the matter had been repeated; unless they were returned, they were ordered to declare war.' To this Tullus said, "Report to your king the Roman gods make witness how before the people had proudly dismissed the envoys, returning the matter, that all the slaughters of this war may be turned upon him!"

Haec nuntiant domum Albani. Et bellum utrimque omnibus viribus parabetur, civili bello similimum, prope inter parentes natosque, cum Romani ab Alba orti essent.

Albani priores ingenti exercitu in agrum Romanum impetum fecere. Castra locant, fossa circumdant, haud plus quinque milia passuum ab urbe, nam hoc spatium interest inter Romam et locum qui 'fossa Cluilia' ab nomine ducis per aliquot saecula appellatus est, quoad nomen vetustate abolevit. In his castris Cluilius, Albanus rex, moritur. Albani Mettium Fufetium dictatorem creant.

The Albans first made an attack in the Roman land with a huge army. The placed a camp, surrounded it with ditches, not more than five miles from the city, for this space sat between Rome and the place that is called 'Cluilius's ditch' from the leader's name for some ages, as the name was lost to antiquity. In this camp Cluilius, Alban king, died. The Albans made Mettius Fufetius dictator.

Trigeminorum pugna

Fight of the triplets

Interim Tullus ferox, praecipue morte regis, nocte praeteritis hostium castris infesto exercitu in agrum Albanum pergit. Ea res ab stativis excivit Mettium. Ducit quam proxime ad hostem potest. Inde legatum praemissum nuntiare Tullo iubet, priusquam dimicent, opus esse colloquio; sealiquid allturum esse quod non minus ad rem Romanam quam ad Albanam pertineat.

Meanwhile fierce Tullus, especially by the death of the king, having passed the enemy camp at night, continued to Alban land with a hostile army. This matter roused Mettius from his camp.

Tullus colloquium haud recusat, sed tamen copias suas in aciem educit. Exeunt contra et Albani. Postquam instructi utrimque stabant, cum paucis comitibus in medium duces procedunt. Ibi orditur Albanus: Iniuriae et res non redditae, quae ex foedere repetitae sunt, causa huius belli esse dicuntur. Sed si vera dicenda sunt, cupido imperii duos cognatos vicinosque populos ad arma stimulat. Illud te, Tulle, moneo: Etrusca res quanta sit, tu, quo popior es, eo magis scis. Multum illi terra, plurimum mari valent. Memor esto, iam cum signum pugnae dabis, has duas acies spectaculo fore Etruscis, ut pugna fessos confectosque, simul victorem ac victum, aggrediantur. Itaque - si nos di amant - ineamus aliquam viam, qua sine magna clade, sine multo sanguine utriusque populi decrni possit utri utris imperent.

Haud displicet res Tullo, quamquam cum indole, tum spe victoriae ferocior erat. Rationem ineunt, cui et fortuna ipsa praebuit materiam: Forte in duobuus tum exercitibus erant trigemini fratres, Horatii Curiatiique, nec aetate nec viribus dispares. Eos rogant reges ut pro sua quisque patria dimicet ferro: ibi imperium fore unde victoria fuerit.

Fratres non recusant. tempus et locus convenit. Priusquam dimicarent, foedus ictum est inter Romanos et Albanos hid legibus ut cuius populi cives eo certamine vicissent, is alteri populo cum bona pace imperaret.

Foedere icto, trigemini - sicut convenerat - arma capiunt. Cum utrique suos adhortarentur - deos patrios, patriam ac parentes omnesque cives illorum tunc arma, illorum intueri manus! - feroces in medium inter duas acies iuvenes procedunt. Consederant utrimque pro castris duo exercitus intenti in minime gratum spectaculum.

Datur signum, infestisque armis velut acies terni iuvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Nec his nec illis periculum suum ob oculos versatur, sed publicum imperium servitiumque. Ut primum statim concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens spectantes perfudit. Deinde, cum iam non motus tantum corporum agitatioque anceps telorum armorumque sed vulnera quoque et sanguis spectaculo essen, duo Romani super alium alius, vulneratis tribus Albanis, exspirantes conciderunt. Ad quorum casum cum conclamavisset gaudio Albanus exercitus, Romanas legiones iam spes tota diseruerat.

Forte unus Horatius integer fuit - ut univeris solus nequaquam par, sic adversus singulos ferox. Ergo, ut divideret pugnam eorum, capit fugam, ita ratus Albanos secuturos ut quemque vulnere affectum corpus sineret. Iam aliquantum spatii ex eo loco ubi pugnatum est aufugerat, cum respiciens videt Curiatios magnis intervallis sequentes, unum haud procul ab sese abesse. In eum magno impetu rediit. Et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis uti opem ferant fratri, iam Horatius caeso hoste victor secundam pugnam petebat. Tunc clamore ingenti Romani adiuvant militem suum. Et ille defungi proelio festinat. Prius igitur quam alter - nec procul aberat - consequi posset, et alterum Curiatium conficit. Iamque singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alterum intactum ferro corpus et geminata victoria ferocem in certamen tertium dabat; alter, fessum vulnere fessum cursu corpus trahens victusque fratrum ante se strage, victori obivitur hosti. Nec illud proelium fuit: male sustinenti arma gladium in iugulo defigit, iacentem spoliat.

Romani ovantes ac gratulantes Horatium accipunt, eo maiore cum gaudio quod prope metum res fuerat. Inde utrique suos mortuos sepeliunt. Sepulcra posita sunt quo quisque loco cecidit: duo Romana uno loco proprius Albam, tria Albana Romam versus, sed intervallis interiectis, ut pugnatum est.

Amor immaturus

Priusquam inde digraderentur, Tullus Mettio imperat uti iuventutem in armis habeat: se eorum opera usurum, si bellum cum Veientibus foret. Ita exercitus inde domum abducti sunt.

Princeps Horatius ibat, trigemina spolia prae se gerens. Cui soror virgo, quae desponsa uni ex Curiatiis fuerat, obvia ante portam Capenam fuit, cognitoque super umeros fratris paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, solvit crines et flebiliter nomine sponsum mortuum appellat. Movet feroci iuveni animum comploratio sororis in victoria sua tantoque gaudio publico. Stricto itaque gladio, simul verbis increpans, transfigit puellam! Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum inquit oblita fratrum mortuorum vivique, oblita patriae! Sic eat quaecumque Romana lugebit hostem!

Atrox visum est id facinus patribus plebique. Horatius, etsi tam bene de patria meritus erat, tamen in ius ad regem raptus est. Rex, ne ipse rem tam tristem iudicaret ac secundum iudicium supplicii auctor esset, concilio populi advocato, Duumviros inquit, qui Horatio perduellionem iudicent, secundum legem facio.

Horrenda legis verba haec erant: Duumviri perduellionem iudicent. Si vincent, caput obnubito! Infelici arbori reste suspendito! Verberato vel intra pomerium vel extra pomerium! (Pomerium est locus quem in condendis urbibus quondam Etrusci, ubi murum ducturi erant, consecrabant, ut et intra et extra moenia aliquid puri soli pateret; hoc spatium, quod neque habitari neque arari fas erat, pomerium Romani appellaverunt.)

Hac lege duumviri creati sunt, iudices severissimi, qui se tam grave crimen neglegere posse non rebantur, et Horatium condemnaverunt. tum alter ex iis Publi Horati, tibi perdullionem iudico inquit. I, lictor, colliga manus! Accesserat lictor iniciebatque laqueum collo...

Tum Horatius Ad populum provoco inquit. Itaque provocatio facta ad populum est. Moti homines sunt in eo iudicio maxime P. Horatio patre proclamante se filiam iure caesam iudicare! Orabat deinde ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregia stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis facerent! Inter haec senex iuvenem amplexus, spolia Curiatiorum fixa eo loco qui nunc Pila Horatia appellatur ostentans, Huncine aiebat 2quem modo decoratum ovantemque victoria incedentem vidistis, Quirites, eum victum inter verbera et cruciatus videre potestis? Quod vix Albanorum oculi tam deforme spectaculum ferre possent! I, lictor, colliga manus - quae paulo ante armatae imperium populo Romano pepererunt! I, caput obnube - liberatoris urbis huius! Arbore infelici suspende! Verbera vel intra pomerium - modo inter illa pila et spolia hostium! - vel extra pomerium - modo inter sepulcra Curiatiorum! Quo enim ducere hunc iuvenem potestis ubi non sua decora eum a tanta foeditate supplicii defendant?

Non tulit populus nec patris lacrimas nec ipsius parem in omni periculo animum, absolveruntque admiratione magis virtutis quam iure causae.

Mettii perfidia ac supplicium

Nec diu pax Albana mansit. Ira vulgi Albani, quod tribus militibus fortuna publica commissa erat, ingenium dictatoris corrupit, et quoniam recta consilia haud bene evenerant, pravis consiliis reconciliare popularium animos coepit. Igitur, ut prius in bello pacem, sic in pace bellum quaerens, quia suae civitati vires deesse carnebat, ad bellum palam gerendum alios concitat populos, ipse clam proditionem parat. Fidenates, cum Mettius se ad eos transiturum promisisset, ad bellum incitantur et aperte a sociis Romanis ad Veientes hostes deficiunt."

"Tullus - Mettio exercituque eius Alba arcessito - contra hostes ducit. Ubi Anienem fluvium transiit, ad confluentes collocat castra. Inter eum locum et Fidenas Veientium exercitus Tiberim transierat. Hi in acie prope flumen tenuere dextrum cornu; in sinistro Fidenates proprius montes consistunt. Tullus adversus Veientem hostem dirigit suos, Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat."

"Mettio non plus animi erat quam fidei. Nec manere ergo nec aperte ad hostes transire ausus, exercitum Albanum sensim ad montes abducere coepit; inde, ubi satis sese subiisse ratus est, totam aciem in loco superiore instruxit. Consilium erat cum iis se iungere quibus fortuna victoriam daret."

"Primo Romani qui Albanis proximi steterant mirabantur, cur socii a lateribus suis digrerentur. inde eques citato equo nuntiat regi 'abire Albanos!' Tullus equitem clara increpans voce, ut hostes exaudirent, redire in proelium iubet: 'nihil trepidatione opus esse; suo iussu circumduci Albanum exercitum, ut Fidenatium nuda terga invadat!'"

"Terror ad hostes transit: et audiverant clara voce dictum, et magna pars Fidenatium Latine sciebant. Itaque, ne subito impetu Albanorum intercluderentur ab oppido, terga vertunt. Instat Tullus, fusoque Fidenatium cornu, in Veientes alieno pavore perculsos ferocior redit. Nec illi tulere impetum, sed ab effusa fuga flumen obiectum a tergo arcebat. Quo postquam fugientes devenerunt, alii arma foede iactantes in aquam caeci ruebant, alii dum cunctantur in ripa inter fugae pugnaeque consilium oppressi sunt. Non alia ante Romana pugna atrocior fuit."

"Tum Albanus exercitus, spectator certaminis, in campos deductus est. Mettius Tullo de victoria gratulatur. Contra Tullus Mettium benigne aloquitur; Albanos castra sua Romanis castris iungere iubet; sacrificium in diem posterum parat."

"Ubi illuxit, paratis omnibus ut solet, vocari ad contionem utrumque exercitum iubet. Albani, ut regem Romanum contionantem audirent, proximi constitere. Eos circumsistit armata Romana legio. Tum ita Tullus orditur:"

""Romani" Si umquam ullo in bello fuit quod primum dis immortalibus gratias ageretis, deinde vestrae ipsorum virtuti, hesternum id proelium fuit. Dimicatum est enim non magis cum hostibus quam - quae dimicatio maior atque periculosior est - cum proditione ac perfidia sociorum. Nam iniussu meo Albani subiere ad montes! Nec ea culpa omnium Albanorum est: ducem secuti sunt, ut et vos, si ego inde agmen abducere voluissem, fecissetis. Mettius ille est ductor itineris huius, Mettius idem huius auctor belli, Mettius foederis Romani Albanique ruptor!""

"Centuriones armati Mettium circumsistunt. Rex cetera ut orsus erat paragit: "Quod bonum, faustum felixque sit populo Romano ac mihi vobisque, Albani: populum omnem Albanum Romam traducere in animo mihi est, unam urbem, unam rem publicam facere. Ut ex uno quondam in duos populos divisa Albana res est, sic nunc in unum redeat!" Ad haec Albana iuventus, inermis ab armatis saepta, silentium tenet. Tum Tullus: "Metti Fufeti!" inquit, "Si ipse discere posses fidem ac foedera servare, vivum te id docuisem. Nunc, quoniam tuum insanabile ingenium est, at tu tuo supplicio doce humanum genus ea sancta credere quae a te violata sunt! Ut igitur paulo ante animum inter Fidenatem Romanamque rem ancipitem gessisti, ita iam corpus in duas partes distrahendum dabis!""

"Duabus admotis quadrigis, in currus earum ligat Mettium. Deinde in diversas partes equi concitati sunt laceratum in utroque curru corpus et membra portantes. Avertere omnes ab tanta foeditate spectaculi oculos.

Alba diruta

Nec diu pax Albana mansit. Ira vulgi Albani, quod tribus militibus fortuna publica commissa erat, ingenium dictatoris corrupit, et quoniam recta consilia haud bene evenerant, pravis consiliis reconciliare popularium animos coepit. Igitur, ut prius in bello pacem, sic in pace bellum quaerens, quia suae civitati vires deesse carnebat, ad bellum palam gerendum alios concitat populos, ipse clam proditionem parat. Fidenates, cum Mettius se ad eos transiturum promisisset, ad bellum incitantur et aperte a sociis Romanis ad Veientes hostes deficiunt."

"Tullus - Mettio exercituque eius Alba arcessito - contra hostes ducit. Ubi Anienem fluvium transiit, ad confluentes collocat castra. Inter eum locum et Fidenas Veientium exercitus Tiberim transierat. Hi in acie prope flumen tenuere dextrum cornu; in sinistro Fidenates proprius montes consistunt. Tullus adversus Veientem hostem dirigit suos, Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat."

"Mettio non plus animi erat quam fidei. Nec manere ergo nec aperte ad hostes transire ausus, exercitum Albanum sensim ad montes abducere coepit; inde, ubi satis sese subiisse ratus est, totam aciem in loco superiore instruxit. Consilium erat cum iis se iungere quibus fortuna victoriam daret."

"Primo Romani qui Albanis proximi steterant mirabantur, cur socii a lateribus suis digrerentur. inde eques citato equo nuntiat regi 'abire Albanos!' Tullus equitem clara increpans voce, ut hostes exaudirent, redire in proelium iubet: 'nihil trepidatione opus esse; suo iussu circumduci Albanum exercitum, ut Fidenatium nuda terga invadat!'"

"Terror ad hostes transit: et audiverant clara voce dictum, et magna pars Fidenatium Latine sciebant. Itaque, ne subito impetu Albanorum intercluderentur ab oppido, terga vertunt. Instat Tullus, fusoque Fidenatium cornu, in Veientes alieno pavore perculsos ferocior redit. Nec illi tulere impetum, sed ab effusa fuga flumen obiectum a tergo arcebat. Quo postquam fugientes devenerunt, alii arma foede iactantes in aquam caeci ruebant, alii dum cunctantur in ripa inter fugae pugnaeque consilium oppressi sunt. Non alia ante Romana pugna atrocior fuit."

"Tum Albanus exercitus, spectator certaminis, in campos deductus est. Mettius Tullo de victoria gratulatur. Contra Tullus Mettium benigne aloquitur; Albanos castra sua Romanis castris iungere iubet; sacrificium in diem posterum parat."

"Ubi illuxit, paratis omnibus ut solet, vocari ad contionem utrumque exercitum iubet. Albani, ut regem Romanum contionantem audirent, proximi constitere. Eos circumsistit armata Romana legio. Tum ita Tullus orditur:"

""Romani" Si umquam ullo in bello fuit quod primum dis immortalibus gratias ageretis, deinde vestrae ipsorum virtuti, hesternum id proelium fuit. Dimicatum est enim non magis cum hostibus quam - quae dimicatio maior atque periculosior est - cum proditione ac perfidia sociorum. Nam iniussu meo Albani subiere ad montes! Nec ea culpa omnium Albanorum est: ducem secuti sunt, ut et vos, si ego inde agmen abducere voluissem, fecissetis. Mettius ille est ductor itineris huius, Mettius idem huius auctor belli, Mettius foederis Romani Albanique ruptor!""

"Centuriones armati Mettium circumsistunt. Rex cetera ut orsus erat paragit: "Quod bonum, faustum felixque sit populo Romano ac mihi vobisque, Albani: populum omnem Albanum Romam traducere in animo mihi est, unam urbem, unam rem publicam facere. Ut ex uno quondam in duos populos divisa Albana res est, sic nunc in unum redeat!" Ad haec Albana iuventus, inermis ab armatis saepta, silentium tenet. Tum Tullus: "Metti Fufeti!" inquit, "Si ipse discere posses fidem ac foedera servare, vivum te id docuisem. Nunc, quoniam tuum insanabile ingenium est, at tu tuo supplicio doce humanum genus ea sancta credere quae a te violata sunt! Ut igitur paulo ante animum inter Fidenatem Romanamque rem ancipitem gessisti, ita iam corpus in duas partes distrahendum dabis!""

"Duabus admotis quadrigis, in currus earum ligat Mettium. Deinde in diversas partes equi concitati sunt laceratum in utroque curru corpus et membra portantes. Avertere omnes ab tanta foeditate spectaculi oculos.

Sabini devicti

Cum iam viribus suis satis confideret, Tullus Sabinis bellum indixit, genti ea tempestate seundum Etruscos opulentissimae viris armisque. Utrimque iniuriae factae ac res nequiquam repetitae erant; hae causae belli afferebantur. Cum bellum utrique summa ope pararent, Tullus prior in qgrum Sabinum transire properat. Pugna atrox ad silvam Malitiosam fuit, ubi equitatu nuper aucto plurimum Romana acies valuit. Ab equitibus repente invectis turbati sunt ordines Sabinorum, nec deinde resistere nec fugere sine magna caede potuerunt.

Devictis Sabinis, cum in magna gloria magnisque opibus regnum Tulli ac tota res Romana esset, nuntiatum regi patribusque est 'in monte Albano lapides de caelo cecidisse.' Etiam vox ingens ex summo monte audita Albanos monuisse dicitur 'ut patrio ritu sacra fecerent.' Nam, velut dis quoque simul cum patria relictis, Albani aut Romana sacra susceperant aut fortunae irati cultum reliquerant deorum.

Tullus fulmine ictus

Haud ita multo post postilentia orta est. Quam ob rem cum iuvenes militiam recusare inciperent, nulla tamen ab armis quies dabatur a bellicoso rege, qui etiam saniora militiae quam domi iuvenum corpora esse rebatur - donec ipse quoque gravi morbo affectus est. Tunc adeo fractus simul cum corpore est animus ille ferox, ut qui antea nihil minus regium ratus esset quam sacris dedere animum, repente summa cura deos coleret religionibusque etiam populum impleret. Iam homines eum statum rerum qui sub Numa rege fuerat desiderantes, unam opem agris corporibus relictam esse credebant: si veniam a dis impetravissent. Sed rex, cum sacrum Iovi non rite fecisset, fulmine ictus cum domo sua conflagravit.

Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit annos duos et triginta.

CAVSA HORATII

[Ex M. Tulli Ciceronis 'De inventione' libro II]

[Cicero adulescens artem oratoriam scripsit 'De inventione'. id est de inveniendis argumentis, in qua exempli gratia causam Horatii attulit:]

Horatius, occisis tribus Curiatiis et duobus amissis fratribus, domum se victor recepit. Is animadvertit sororem suam de fratrum morte non laborantem, sponsi autem nomen appellantem identidem 'Curiatii' cum gemitu et lamentatione. Indigne passus virginem occidit!

Accusatur.
Intentio est: "Iniuria sororem occidisti."
Depulsio est: "Iure occidi."
Quaestio est: 'iurene occiderit?'

Ratio est: "Illa enim hostium mortem lugebat, fratrum neglegebat, me et populum Romanum vicisse moleste ferebat."

Infirmatio est: "Tamen a fratre indemnatam necari non oportuit."

Ex quo iudicatio fit: 'cum Horatia fratrum mortem neglegeret, hostium lugeret, fratris et populi Romani victoria non gauderet, oportueritne eam a fratre indemnatam necari?'

VOCABVLA

spatium, -ī, n
dictator, -oris, m
stativa, -orum, n
indoles, -is, f
servitium, -ī, n
motus, -ūs, m
intervallum, -ī, n
strages, -is, f
iugulum, -ī, n
paludamentum, -ī, n
sponsus, -ī, m
comploratio, -ōnis, f
duumviri, -orum, m pl.
perduellio, -ōnis, f
restis, -is, f
pomerium, -ī, n
iudex, -icis, m
crimen, -inis, n
laqueus, -ī, m
provocatio, -ōnis, f
cruciatus, -ūs, m
liberator, -oris, m
foeditas, -tatis, f
perfidia, -ae, f
vulgus, -ī, n
populares, -ium, m pl.
proditio, -ōnis, f
confluentes, -ium, m pl.
trepidatio, -ōnis, f
dimicatio, -onis, f
culpa, -ae, f
ductor, -oris, m
ruptor, -oris, m
centurio, -ōnis, m
quadrigae, -ārum, f pl.
maestitia, -ae, f
pulvis, -eris, m
ruina, -ae, f
turma, -ae, f
cultus, -ūs, m
religio, -ōnis, f
status, -ūs, m
argumentum, -ī, n
inventio, -ōnis, f
lamentatio, -ōnis, f
intentio, -ōnis, f
depulsio, -ōnis, f
quaestio, -ōnis, f
infirmatio, -ōnis, f
iudicatio, -ōnis, f
dissimilis e
avitus a um
invitus a um
civilis e
trigeminus a um
cognatus a um
dispar, disparis (adj)
anceps, ancipitis (adj)
intactus a um
flebilis e
atrox, atrocis (adj)
deformis e
citatus a um
hesternus a um
insanabilis e
diversus a um
continens, -ntis (adj)
miserabilis e
oratorius a um
indemnatus a um
indicere, indico, indixi, indictum
stimulare
senescere, senesco, senui,-
res repetere, repeto, repetivi, repetitum
renuntiare
purgare
displicēre, displiceō, displicuī, displicitum
abolescere, abolesco, abolevi
pertinēre, pertineō, pertinuī, pertentus
aggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum
adhortari, adhortor, adhortatus sum
increpare
exspirare
inclamare
defungi, defungor, defunctus sum
geminare
obicere, obicio, obieci, obiectum
despondēre, despondeo, despondi, desponsum
transfigere, transfigo, transfixi, transfixum
obnubo, -ere, -nupsi, -nuptum
suspendere, suspendo, suspendi, suspensum
condemnare
colligare
provocare
proclamare
decorare
absolvere, absolvo, absolvi, absolutum
reconciliare
dirigere, dirigo, direxi, directum
circumducere, circumduco, circumduxi, circumductum
intercludere, intercludo, interclusi, interclusum
illucescere, illucesco, illuxi
contionari
circumsistere, circumsisto, circumsteti
traducere, traduco, traduxi, traductum
saepīre, saepiō, saepsī, saeptum
distrahere, distraho, distraxi, distractum
ligare
lacerare
diruere, diruo, dirui, dirutum
effringere, effringo, effregi, effractum
vagari
occupare
edicere, edico, edixi, edictum
duplicare
supplēre, suppleō, supplēvī, supplētum
devincere, devinco, devici, devictum
invehere, inveho, invexi, invectum
conflagrare
foret
utrimque (adv.)
nequaquam
secundum
palam
sensim (adv.)
iniussu
postremum
passim (adv.)
identidem (adv)

VOCABULARY

space
dictator
stationary camp
character, talent
slavery, service
motion, movement
interval, space, distance
slaughter, destruction
throat
general's cloak, of scarlet color
fiance
lamentation, (vocal) mourning
a two-man court
treason
rope, cord
boundary of town, bare strip left around town wall
judge
charge, accusation
noose
challenge
torture, torment
deliverer, liberator
foulness filthiness vileness
treachery, deceit
common people
popular party, citizens
treason, betrayal
meeting place junction of rivers
fear
fight, contest
fault, blame
leader, chieftain, guide
one who breaks violates
centurion, the commander of a century
team of four horses, chariot
sadness
dust, powder, sand
collapse, ruin
troop, squadron
cultivation, worship
religious obligation, worship
standing, status, position
proof, evidence, argument
invention discovery
lamentation, wailing
purpose, intention, words of accusation
rebuttal
inquiry, investigation, questioning
a weaking, invalidating, refuting, disproving
question point at issue, judicial enquiry
unlike, different
ancestral
unwilling, reluctant
public, civil
threefold, triple, triplet
related
unequal, different
twofold, uncertain, doubtful, risky; facing two opposite directions
untouched
lamentable
harsh, brutal, savage
deformed, ugly
swift
of yesterday, yesterday's
incurable
scattered, diverse
bordering, adjacent
miserable
of an orator, oratorical
uncondemned, innocent
to proclaim, announce
to stimulate, urge on
to grow old
to demand that a thing be returned
to bring back word, report
to clean, purge
to displease
to decay, vanish
to pertain to, concern
to attack, approach
to encourage
to rattle, clang
to die
to cry out (to)
to complete
to double, repeat
to throw before
to betroth
to pierce
to veil, cover
to suspend
to convict, condemn
to bind, gather, collect
to call forth, challenge, provoke
to call cry out
to adorn
to acquit
to win back, reconcile
to direct, arrange
to lead around
to shut off
to begin to dawn
to adress the assembly, deliver a public speech
to stand around
to lead across
to surround envelop enfold encircle
to pull apart
to bind, tie, fasten, unite
to tear, mangle
to demolish
to break open
to wander, roam
to seize, occupy
to decree
to duplicate, double, enlarge
to supply
to completely defeat
to carry into
to burn
esset
on both sides, from each side
by no means, not at all
according to
openly
slowly, gradually
without the order of
after all, finally
here and there, everywhere
again and again